Prevalence and Bayesian Phylogenetics of Enteroviruses Derived From Environmental Surveillance Around Polio Vaccine Switch Period in Shandong Province, China

Response to and monitoring of viral outbreaks can be efficiently focused when rapid, quantitative, kinetic information provides the location and the number of infected individuals. Environmental surveillance traditionally provides information on location of populations with contagious, infected individuals since infectious poliovirus is excreted whether infections are asymptomatic or symptomatic. Here, we describe development of rapid (1 week turnaround time, TAT), quantitative RT-PCR of poliovirus RNA extracted directly from concentrated environmental surveillance samples to infer the number of infected individuals excreting poliovirus. The quantitation method was validated using data from vaccination with bivalent oral polio vaccine (bOPV). The method was then applied to infer the weekly number of excreters in a large, sustained, asymptomatic outbreak of wild type 1 poliovirus in Israel (2013) in a population where >90% of the individuals received three doses of inactivated polio vaccine (IPV). Evidence-based intervention strategies were based on the short TAT for direct quantitative detection. Furthermore, a TAT shorter than the duration of poliovirus excretion allowed resampling of infected individuals. Finally, the method documented absence of infections after successful intervention of the asymptomatic outbreak. The methodologies described here can be applied to outbreaks of other excreted viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), where there are (1) significant numbers of asymptomatic infections; (2) long incubation times during which infectious virus is excreted; and (3) limited resources, facilities, and manpower that restrict the number of individuals who can be tested and re-tested.

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Environmental Surveillance for Risk Assessment in the Context of a Phase 2 Clinical Trial of Type 2 Novel Oral Polio Vaccine in Panama

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v13071355 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (7) ◽

pp. 1355

Author(s):

Magda Rojas-Bonilla ◽

Angela Coulliette-Salmond ◽

Hanen Belgasmi ◽

Kimberly Wong ◽

Leanna Sayyad ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Trial ◽

Risk Mitigation ◽

Oral Polio Vaccine ◽

Surveillance Study ◽

World Health ◽

Environmental Surveillance ◽

Polio Vaccine ◽

Eradication Strategy ◽

Two Samples

Environmental surveillance was recommended for risk mitigation in a novel oral polio vaccine-2 (nOPV2) clinical trial (M5-ABMG) to monitor excretion, potential circulation, and loss of attenuation of the two nOPV2 candidates. The nOPV2 candidates were developed to address the risk of poliovirus (PV) type 2 circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV) as part of the global eradication strategy. Between November 2018 and January 2020, an environmental surveillance study for the clinical trial was conducted in parallel to the M5-ABMG clinical trial at five locations in Panama. The collection sites were located upstream from local treatment plant inlets, to capture the excreta from trial participants and their community. Laboratory analyses of 49 environmental samples were conducted using the two-phase separation method. Novel OPV2 strains were not detected in sewage samples collected during the study period. However, six samples were positive for Sabin-like type 3 PV, two samples were positive for Sabin-like type 1 PV, and non-polio enteroviruses NPEVs were detected in 27 samples. One of the nOPV2 candidates has been granted Emergency Use Listing by the World Health Organization and initial use started in March 2021. This environmental surveillance study provided valuable risk mitigation information to support the Emergency Use Listing application.

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Environmental Surveillance of Polioviruses in Armenia, Colombia before Trivalent Oral Polio Vaccine Cessation

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v11090775 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. 775

Author(s):

María Mercedes González ◽

Magile C. Fonseca ◽

Carlos Andrés Rodríguez ◽

Alejandra María Giraldo ◽

José Joaquín Vila ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Transition Period ◽

Virus Detection ◽

Oral Polio Vaccine ◽

Supplementary Information ◽

Paralytic Poliomyelitis ◽

Environmental Surveillance ◽

Wild Poliovirus ◽

Polio Vaccine ◽

Afp Surveillance ◽

Wastewater Samples

Although acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance is the “gold standard” for detecting cases of polio, environmental surveillance can provide supplementary information in the absence of paralytic poliomyelitis cases. This study aimed to detect the introduction and/or circulation of wild poliovirus or vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPV) in wastewater, covering a significant population of Armenia, Colombia, before trivalent oral polio vaccine (OPV) cessation. Between March and September 2015, 24 wastewater samples were collected from eight study sites in eight communes of Armenia, Colombia. Virus detection and characterization were performed using both cell culture (i.e., RD or L20B cells) and RT-PCR. Polioviruses were isolated in 11 (45.8%) of 24 wastewater samples. All isolates were identified as Sabin strains (type 1 = 9, type 3 = 2) by intratypic differentiation. Type 2 poliovirus was not detected in any of the samples. No wild poliovirus or VDPV was detected among the isolates. Non-polio enterovirus was identified in 8.3% (2/24) of the samples. This study revealed the excretion of Sabin poliovirus from OPV-immunized individuals, as well as the absence of VDPV and wild poliovirus in wastewaters of Armenia, Colombia. This confirms that environmental surveillance is an effective method, as an additional support to AFP surveillance, to monitor poliovirus during the OPV-to-IPV (inactivated polio vaccine) transition period.

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Environmental Surveillance of Genogroup I and II Noroviruses in Shandong Province, China in 2013

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/srep17444 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Zexin Tao ◽

Minglei Xu ◽

Xiaojuan Lin ◽

Haiyan Wang ◽

Lizhi Song ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Shandong Province ◽

Environmental Surveillance

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Environmental Surveillance for Human Astrovirus in Shandong Province, China in 2013

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/srep07539 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Nan Zhou ◽

Xiaojuan Lin ◽

Suting Wang ◽

Haiyan Wang ◽

Wenfeng Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Shandong Province ◽

Environmental Surveillance ◽

Human Astrovirus

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Dynamics Affecting the Risk of Silent Circulation When Oral Polio Vaccination Is Stopped

10.1101/058099 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

J.S. Koopman ◽

C.J Henry ◽

J.H. Park ◽

M.C. Eisenberg ◽

E.L. Ionides ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oral Polio Vaccine ◽

Environmental Surveillance ◽

Limited Data ◽

Polio Vaccine ◽

Case Count ◽

Polio Vaccination ◽

Specific Virus ◽

Waning Immunity ◽

Type 3 ◽

Not At Risk

AbstractSilent circulation of polioviruses without poliomyelitis cases could threaten eradication when oral polio vaccine (OPV) use is stopped worldwide. Waning immunity promotes silent circulation by increasing poliovirus transmission from individuals not at risk of paralytic polio. There is limited data on temporal patterns of waning. Accordingly, we modeled a range of waning patterns, scaled from fast but shallow to slow but deep, while keeping constant the effect of waning on transmission dynamics before vaccination begins. Besides waning, we varied overall transmissibility, the delay from beginning vaccination to reaching specified infection levels, and type specific virus characteristics. We observed an increasing range of vaccination levels that resulted in long periods of silent circulation after eliminating paralytic polio cases as the delay in reaching final vaccination levels increased. The extent of silent circulation was higher when waning was slower and deeper, when transmissibility was higher, and when virus was type 3. In our model, modest levels of vaccination of adults reduce silent circulation risks. These modeled patterns are consistent with very long silent circulation mainly emerging as a threat to OPV cessation in the last places from which polio cases are eliminated. Our analyses indicate why previous modeling studies have not seen the threat of silent circulation. They used models with no or very short duration waning and they lacked identifiability of waning effects on silent circulation because they fit models only to paralytic polio case counts. Our analyses show that nearly identical polio case count patterns can be generated by a range of waning patterns that in turn generate diverse silent circulation risks. We conclude that the risks of prolonged silent circulation are real but unquantified, that vaccinating adults with waned immunity will reduce those risks, and that intensive environmental surveillance will be needed to detect this risk before stopping OPV.

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Novel astrovirus types circulating in Shandong Province (Eastern China) during 2016: A clinical and environmental surveillance

Journal of Clinical Virology ◽

10.1016/j.jcv.2019.05.005 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 116 ◽

pp. 69-73 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Zexin Tao ◽

Haiyan Wang ◽

Wenqiang Zhang ◽

Aiqiang Xu

Keyword(s):

Eastern China ◽

Shandong Province ◽

Environmental Surveillance

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Environmental Surveillance of Human Enteroviruses in Shandong Province, China, 2008 to 2012: Serotypes, Temporal Fluctuation, and Molecular Epidemiology

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.00851-14 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 80 (15) ◽

pp. 4683-4691 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Haiyan Wang ◽

Zexin Tao ◽

Yan Li ◽

Xiaojuan Lin ◽

Hiromu Yoshida ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Present Report ◽

Shandong Province ◽

Environmental Surveillance ◽

Temporal Fluctuation ◽

Close Relationship ◽

Monthly Distribution ◽

Common Serotypes ◽

The Common ◽

Typical Summer ◽

Reference Strains

ABSTRACTEnvironmental surveillance is an effective approach in investigating the circulation of polioviruses (PVs) and other human enteroviruses (EVs) in the population. The present report describes the results of environmental surveillance conducted in Shandong Province, China, from 2008 to 2012. A total of 129 sewage samples were collected, and 168 PVs and 1,007 nonpolio enteroviruses (NPEVs) were isolated. VP1 sequencing and typing were performed on all isolates. All PV strains were Sabin-like, with the numbers of VP1 substitutions ranging from 0 to 7. The NPEVs belonged to 19 serotypes, and echovirus 6 (E6), E11, coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), E3, E12, and E7 were the six main serotypes, which accounted for 18.3%, 14.8%, 14.5%, 12.9%, 9.0%, and 5.7% of NPEVs isolated, respectively. Typical summer-fall peaks of NPEV were observed in the monthly distribution of isolation, and an epidemic pattern of annual circulation was revealed for the common serotypes. Phylogenetic analysis was performed on environmental CVB3 and E3 strains with global reference strains and local strains from aseptic meningitis patients. Shandong strains formed distinct clusters, and a close relationship was observed between local environmental and clinical strains. As an EV-specific case surveillance system is absent in China and many other countries, continuous environmental surveillance should be encouraged to investigate the temporal circulation and phylogeny of EVs in the population.

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