Bayesian Methods for Estimating Animal Abundance at Large Spatial Scales Using Data from Multiple Sources

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soumen Dey ◽  
Mohan Delampady ◽  
Ravishankar Parameshwaran ◽  
N. Samba Kumar ◽  
Arjun Srivathsa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bayesian Methods ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Animal Abundance ◽  
Using Data

scholarly journals Geomorphological analysis of wetland distribution on various spatial scales

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Natsuki Sasaki ◽  
Toshihiko Sugai
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Snow Accumulation ◽  
Gis Analysis ◽  
Aerial Photo Interpretation ◽  
Mountainous Regions ◽  
Multiple Spatial Scales ◽  
Wetland Distribution ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Geomorphological Analysis ◽  
Northern Japan

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> This study introduces some case analyses of wetland distribution on various spatial scales, from nationwide to the area of a wetland group, with a focus on geomorphological feature. Then described the usefulness of GIS analysis in wetland research. The nationwide wetland distribution in Japan showed that wetland density was high at less than 200&amp;thinsp;m and around 1600&amp;ndash;2000&amp;thinsp;m. Wetlands in mountainous regions were concentrated in snowy Quaternary volcanic regions from the center to the northern part of Japan. This implied snow accumulation and topography of volcanic mountains are important for wetland formation. Secondly, we clarified that wetlands were mainly distributed on the gentle slope of original volcanic surfaces and in landslides in the Hachimantai volcanic groups, in the northern Japan, using 10-m grid DEM and aerial photo interpretation. With the higher-resolution data, it was clear that wetlands were arranged depending on the microtopography of landslides and volcanic surfaces and groundwater. Using data with resolution suitable for the target topographical size and combining the results of multiple spatial scales/resolutions, we can understand the origin of wetlands in more detail.</p>

scholarly journals Application of a Negative Multinomial Model Gives Insight into Rarity-Area Relationships

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 571
Author(s):  
Youhua Chen ◽  
Yongbin Wu ◽  
Weihua Chen ◽  
Tian Zhao ◽  
Wenyan Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Poisson Distribution ◽  
Rare Species ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Multinomial Distribution ◽  
Barro Colorado Island ◽  
Field Sampling ◽  
Local Sample ◽  
Negative Multinomial Distribution ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Insight Into

The distribution of individuals of different species across different sampling units is typically non-random. This distributional non-independence can be interpreted and modelled as a correlated multivariate distribution. However, this correlation cannot be modelled using a totally independent and random distribution such as the Poisson distribution. In this study, we utilized the negative multinomial distribution to overcome the problem encountered by the commonly used Poisson distribution and used it to derive insight into the implications of field sampling for rare species’ distributions. Mathematically, we derived, from the negative multinomial distribution and sampling theory, contrasting relationships between sampling area, and the proportions of locally rare and regionally rare species in ecological assemblages presenting multi-species correlated distribution. With the suggested model, we explored the cross-scale relationships between the spatial extent, the population threshold for defining the rarity of species, and the multi-species correlated distribution pattern using data from two 50-ha tropical forest plots in Barro Colorado Island (Panama) and Heishiding Provincial Reserve (Guangdong Province, China). Notably, unseen species (species with zero abundance in the studied local sample) positively contributed to the distributional non-independence of species in a local sample. We empirically confirmed these findings using the plot data. These findings can help predict rare species–area relationships at various spatial scales, potentially informing biodiversity conservation and development of optimal field sampling strategies.

Bayesian methods for the conformational classification of eight-membered rings

2005 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 585-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Pérez ◽  
K. Nolsøe ◽  
M. Kessler ◽  
L. García ◽  
E. Pérez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Bayesian Methods ◽  
Canonical Forms ◽  
Previous Knowledge ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Torsion Angles ◽  
Structural Database ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Solid State Conformation

Two methods for the classification of eight-membered rings based on a Bayesian analysis are presented. The two methods share the same probabilistic model for the measurement of torsion angles, but while the first method uses the canonical forms of cyclooctane and, given an empirical sequence of eight torsion angles, yields the probability that the associated structure corresponds to each of the ten canonical conformations, the second method does not assume previous knowledge of existing conformations and yields a clustering classification of a data set, allowing new conformations to be detected. Both methods have been tested using the conformational classification of Csp 3 eight-membered rings described in the literature. The methods have also been employed to classify the solid-state conformation in Csp 3 eight-membered rings using data retrieved from an updated version of the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD).

The opportunity model of organizational commitment

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elif Cicekli ◽  
Hayat Kabasakal
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Commitment ◽  
Social Exchange ◽  
Social Exchange Theory ◽  
Exchange Theory ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Job Opportunities ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to determine the relationships between promotion, development, and recognition opportunities at work and organizational commitment, and whether these relationships are moderated by the job opportunities employees have in other organizations. Design/methodology/approach An opportunity model of organizational commitment is developed based on social exchange theory and several streams of opportunity research. Factor analyses and hierarchical multiple regression analyses are carried out to test the hypotheses using data from 550 white-collar employees. Findings The results of the analyses show that opportunities for development and recognition are predictors of organizational commitment, that job opportunities employees have in other organizations negatively moderate the relationship between recognition opportunity at work and organizational commitment, and that promotion opportunity does not predict organizational commitment. Research limitations/implications Future researchers could study the issue in the context of other cultures using data from multiple sources. Practical implications Employers who seek to increase their employees’ organizational commitment are advised to divert their energies from struggling to create promotion opportunities for their employees to creating opportunities for development and recognition. Originality/value The study explores the under-researched concept of opportunity at work and connects several streams of opportunity research by drawing on social exchange theory as a theoretical framework. The model is the first to address the effects of opportunity and alternative opportunities on organizational commitment.

scholarly journals Using data from Landsat, MODIS, VIIRS and PhenoCams to monitor the phenology of California oak/grass savanna and open grassland across spatial scales

2017 ◽  
Vol 237-238 ◽  
pp. 311-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Liu ◽  
Michael J. Hill ◽  
Xiaoyang Zhang ◽  
Zhuosen Wang ◽  
Andrew D. Richardson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Using Data

Aggression and Noncompliance among Swedish Children in Centre-based Care, Family Day Care, and Home Care

1995 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margarita Prodromidis ◽  
Michael E. Lamb ◽  
Kathleen J. Sternberg ◽  
C. Phillip Hwang ◽  
Anders G. Broberg
Keyword(s):  
Child Care ◽  
Home Care ◽  
Day Care ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Family Day Care ◽  
Composite Measures ◽  
Individual Family ◽  
Care Family ◽  
Using Data

The relations between individual, family, and child care characteristics and children's aggressive and noncompliant behaviours were examined in this study of 140 first-born Swedish children assessed at 16,28,40, and 80 months of age. All of the parents involved in the study had attempted to enrol their children in centre-based day care, but some were accepted instead into family day care settings, while others remained in the exclusive care of their parents. Composite measures of aggression and noncompliance were constructed using data obtained from multiple sources (i.e. mothers, teachers, observers). Child care arrangements and histories were not associated with levels of aggression or noncompliance. Multiple regression analyses suggested that the quality of home care was the best predictor of both aggressive and noncompliant behaviour. Boys were more aggressive than girls, and children with more controlling parents were more noncompliant. Individual differences in aggression (but not noncompliance) were moderately stable over time. Aggression and noncompliance were modestly but reliably related to one another. These results suggest that alternative care of high quality does not lead to noncompliance and aggression.

scholarly journals Sanctioned terror: economic sanctions and more effective terrorism

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Altmann ◽  
Jason Giersch
Keyword(s):  
Economic Sanctions ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Terrorist Attacks ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Target States ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Rate Of Success ◽  
Target Country

AbstractThe literature on unintended consequences of economic sanctions is well developed, but few studies have addressed terrorism in target states, and none have assessed whether that terrorism becomes more effective when sanctions are in place. In this study, we test whether economic sanctions lead to an increase in the lethality of terrorism. Using data from multiple sources, we find that while sanctions are unrelated to the rate of success of terrorist attacks, they are positively associated with the number of fatalities resulting from terrorist attacks. These findings further the need for policymakers to consider the consequences sanctions have on the target country populace.

scholarly journals Inferring macro-ecological patterns from local species' occurrences

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Tovo ◽  
Marco Formentin ◽  
Samir Suweis ◽  
Samuele Stivanello ◽  
Sandro Azaele ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Species Abundance ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Invariance Property ◽  
Practical Reasons ◽  
Conservation Practice ◽  
Unique Framework ◽  
Using Data

Biodiversity provides support for life, vital provisions, regulating services and has positive cultural impacts. It is therefore important to have accurate methods to measure biodiversity, in order to safeguard it when we discover it to be threatened. For practical reasons, biodiversity is usually measured at fine scales whereas diversity issues (e.g. conservation) interest regional or global scales. Moreover, biodiversity may change across spatial scales. It is therefore a key challenge to be able to translate local information on biodiversity into global patterns. Many databases give no information about the abundances of a species within an area, but only its occurrence in each of the surveyed plots. In this paper, we introduce an analytical framework to infer species richness and abundances at large spatial scales in biodiversity-rich ecosystems when species presence/absence information is available on various scattered samples (i.e. upscaling). This framework is based on the scale-invariance property of the negative binomial. Our approach allows to infer and link within a unique framework important and well-known biodiversity patterns of ecological theory, such as the Species Accumulation Curve (SAC) and the Relative Species Abundance (RSA) as well as a new emergent pattern, which is the Relative Species Occupancy (RSO). Our estimates are robust and accurate, as confirmed by tests performed on both in silico-generated and real forests. We demonstrate the accuracy of our predictions using data from two well-studied forest stands. Moreover, we compared our results with other popular methods proposed in the literature to infer species richness from presence-absence data and we showed that our framework gives better estimates. It has thus important applications to biodiversity research and conservation practice.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF WATER MASS VARIATION IN WETLANDS REGIONS USING DATA FROM GRACE SATELLITE MISSION: THE PANTANAL CASE

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecilia Cornero ◽  
Ayelen Pereira ◽  
Ana Cristina Oliveira Cancoro de Matos ◽  
María Cristina Pacino
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Transport Processes ◽  
Satellite Mission ◽  
Satellite Gravity ◽  
Earth’S Gravity Field ◽  
Paraguay River ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Gravity Recovery ◽  
Gravity Field Models ◽  
Gravity Mission

ABSTRACT. The natural heritage of biodiversity of the Paraguay river basin is subject to potential impacts due to climate change. To monitor these environments at large spatial scales, the satellite gravity mission GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) provides time-variable Earth’s gravity field models that reflect the variations due to mass transport processes, like continental...Keywords: water storage, satellite gravity mission, river gauge, rainfall. RESUMO. O patrimônio natural de biodiversidade da bacia do rio Paraguai está sujeito a potenciais impactos das mudanças climáticas. Para monitorar esse ambiente em escala espacial, a missão satelital GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) fornece modelos do campo de gravidade da Terra variáveis no tempo devido ao processo de transporte de massa, como as variações de armazenamento de água...Palavras-chave: armazenamento de água, missão satelital, cotas do nível d’água, precipitação.

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