High reduction potentials for energy user behavior in public buildings: how much can psychology-based interventions achieve?

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen Matthies ◽  
Ingo Kastner ◽  
Andreas Klesse ◽  
Hermann-Josef Wagner
Keyword(s):  
User Behavior ◽  
Public Buildings ◽  
Reduction Potentials ◽  
High Reduction

Phosphoryl- and Phosphonium-Bridged Viologens as Stable Two- and Three-Electron Acceptors for Organic Electrodes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin R. Bridges ◽  
Andryj M. Borys ◽  
Vanessa Béland ◽  
Joshua R. Gaffen ◽  
Thomas Baumgartner
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Organic Molecules ◽  
Electrode Materials ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Electron Acceptors ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Reduction Potentials ◽  
Organic Electrode ◽  
High Reduction ◽  
High Specific Energy

Low molecular weight organic molecules that can accept multiple electrons at high<br>reduction potentials are sought after as electrode materials for high-energy sustainable batteries. To date their synthesis has been difficult, and organic scaffolds for electron donors significantly outnumber electron acceptors. Herein, we report two highly electron deficient phosphaviologen derivatives from a phosphorus-bridged 4,4-bipyridine and characterize their electrochemical properties. Phosphaviologen sulfide (PVS) and P-methyl phosphaviologen (PVM) accept two and three electrons at high reduction potentials, respectively. PVM can reversibly accept 3 electrons between 3-3.6 V vs. Li/Li+ with an equivalent molecular weight of 102 g/(mol e-) (262 mAh/g), making it a promising scaffold for sustainable organic electrode materials having high specific energy densities.

scholarly journals Unveiling Extreme Photoreduction Potentials of Donor-Acceptor Cyanoarenes to Access Aryl Radicals from Aryl Chlorides

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinhui Xu ◽  
Jilei Cao ◽  
Xiangyang Wu ◽  
Han Wang ◽  
Xiaona Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Limited Range ◽  
Redox Potentials ◽  
Aryl Chlorides ◽  
Aryl Radicals ◽  
Reduction Potentials ◽  
Anion Form ◽  
Donor Acceptor ◽  
High Reduction ◽  
Very High ◽  
Excited Radical

Since the seminal work of Zhang in 2016, donor-acceptor cyanoarene-based fluorophores, such as 1,2,3,5-tetrakis(carbazol-9-yl)-4,6-dicyanobenzene (4CzIPN), have been widely applied in photoredox catalysis, and used as excellent metal-free alternatives to noble metal Ir- and Ru-based photocatalysts. However, all the reported photoredox reactions involving this chromophore family are based on harnessing the energy from a single visible light photon, with a limited range of redox potentials from -1.92 V to +1.79 V. Here, we document the unprecedented discovery that this family of fluorophores can undergo consecutive photoinduced electron transfer (ConPET) to achieve very high reduction potentials. One of the newly synthesized catalysts, 2,4,5-tri(9H-carbazol-9-yl)-6-(ethyl(phenyl)amino)isophthalonitrile (3CzEPAIPN), possesses a long-lived (12.95 ns) excited radical anion form, 3CzEPAIPN<sup>•</sup><sup>−</sup>*, which can be used to activate reductively recalcitrant aryl chlorides (E<sub>red </sub>≈ -1.9 to -2.9 V) under mild conditions. The resultant aryl radicals can be engaged in synthetically valuable aromatic C-B, C-P, and C-C bond formation to furnish arylboronates, arylphosphonium salts, arylphosphonates, and spirocyclic cyclohexadienes, respectively.

scholarly journals Unveiling Extreme Photoreduction Potentials of Donor-Acceptor Cyanoarenes to Access Aryl Radicals from Aryl Chlorides

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinhui Xu ◽  
Jilei Cao ◽  
Xiangyang Wu ◽  
Han Wang ◽  
Xiaona Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Limited Range ◽  
Redox Potentials ◽  
Aryl Chlorides ◽  
Aryl Radicals ◽  
Reduction Potentials ◽  
Anion Form ◽  
Donor Acceptor ◽  
High Reduction ◽  
Very High ◽  
Excited Radical

Since the seminal work of Zhang in 2016, donor-acceptor cyanoarene-based fluorophores, such as 1,2,3,5-tetrakis(carbazol-9-yl)-4,6-dicyanobenzene (4CzIPN), have been widely applied in photoredox catalysis, and used as excellent metal-free alternatives to noble metal Ir- and Ru-based photocatalysts. However, all the reported photoredox reactions involving this chromophore family are based on harnessing the energy from a single visible light photon, with a limited range of redox potentials from -1.92 V to +1.79 V. Here, we document the unprecedented discovery that this family of fluorophores can undergo consecutive photoinduced electron transfer (ConPET) to achieve very high reduction potentials. One of the newly synthesized catalysts, 2,4,5-tri(9H-carbazol-9-yl)-6-(ethyl(phenyl)amino)isophthalonitrile (3CzEPAIPN), possesses a long-lived (12.95 ns) excited radical anion form, 3CzEPAIPN<sup>•</sup><sup>−</sup>*, which can be used to activate reductively recalcitrant aryl chlorides (E<sub>red </sub>≈ -1.9 to -2.9 V) under mild conditions. The resultant aryl radicals can be engaged in synthetically valuable aromatic C-B, C-P, and C-C bond formation to furnish arylboronates, arylphosphonium salts, arylphosphonates, and spirocyclic cyclohexadienes, respectively.

scholarly journals Structural insight into the high reduction potentials observed for Fusobacterium nucleatum flavodoxin

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (8) ◽  
pp. 1460-1472
Author(s):  
Robert G. Mothersole ◽  
Marta Macdonald ◽  
Maxim Kolesnikov ◽  
Michael E. P. Murphy ◽  
Kirsten R. Wolthers
Keyword(s):  
Fusobacterium Nucleatum ◽  
Reduction Potentials ◽  
High Reduction ◽  
Structural Insight ◽  
Insight Into

Phosphoryl- and Phosphonium-Bridged Viologens as Stable Two- and Three-Electron Acceptors for Organic Electrodes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin R. Bridges ◽  
Andryj M. Borys ◽  
Vanessa Béland ◽  
Joshua R. Gaffen ◽  
Thomas Baumgartner
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Organic Molecules ◽  
Electrode Materials ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Electron Acceptors ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Reduction Potentials ◽  
Organic Electrode ◽  
High Reduction ◽  
High Specific Energy

Low molecular weight organic molecules that can accept multiple electrons at high<br>reduction potentials are sought after as electrode materials for high-energy sustainable batteries. To date their synthesis has been difficult, and organic scaffolds for electron donors significantly outnumber electron acceptors. Herein, we report two highly electron deficient phosphaviologen derivatives from a phosphorus-bridged 4,4-bipyridine and characterize their electrochemical properties. Phosphaviologen sulfide (PVS) and P-methyl phosphaviologen (PVM) accept two and three electrons at high reduction potentials, respectively. PVM can reversibly accept 3 electrons between 3-3.6 V vs. Li/Li+ with an equivalent molecular weight of 102 g/(mol e-) (262 mAh/g), making it a promising scaffold for sustainable organic electrode materials having high specific energy densities.

Reductive Electrophotocatalysis: Merging Electricity and Light to Achieve Extreme Reduction Potentials

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyunwoo Kim ◽  
Hyungjun Kim ◽  
Tristan Lambert ◽  
Song Lin
Keyword(s):  
Radical Anion ◽  
Aryl Radicals ◽  
Reduction Potentials ◽  
High Reduction ◽  
Very High ◽  
Excited Radical ◽  
Reducing Potential

We describe a new electrophotocatalytic strategy that harnesses the power of light and electricity to generate an excited radical anion with a reducing potential of –3.2 V vs. SCE, which can be used to activate substrates with very high reduction potentials (<i>E</i><sub>red</sub> ~ –1.9 to –2.9 V). The resultant aryl radicals can be engaged in various synthetically useful transformations to furnish arylboronate, arylstannane, and biaryl products.<br>

Reduction of Hexavalent Chromium in Water Using Iron-Aluminum Bimetallic Particles

2013 ◽  
Vol 849 ◽  
pp. 142-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shin Shian Chen ◽  
Yi Chu Huang ◽  
Tai Yu Chen
Keyword(s):  
Hexavalent Chromium ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Chemical Precipitation ◽  
Metal Species ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Reduction Potentials ◽  
Iron Aluminum ◽  
Fe Content ◽  
Initial Ph ◽  
High Reduction

Metal finishing wastewater containing chromium was conventionally treated by chemical precipitation and ion exchange techniques. Zero-valent metals such as iron, aluminum, zinc that possess high reduction potentials are frequently employed to remediate and process the contaminated groundwater. Iron-aluminum bimetallic metal (Fe-Al) is developed to improve the reduction capacity of Fe, Al is regarded as the electron supplier to prevent the precipitates formed on the surface of Fe. The aim of this research is to study the performance of Fe-Al on the reduction of hexavalent chromium ion (Cr6+) in water under several operation parameters including initial pH value, dosage of Fe-Al to Cr6+ ratio (Fe-Al/Cr+6), and Fe contents of Fe-Al particles. The results indicated that the sizes and specific surface area of Fe-Al particles increased with higher Fe content. The metal species on the surface of Fe-Al particles were identified by an x-ray diffraction spectrometer (XRD). Reduction of Cr6+ with Fe-Al particles consumes the H+ in water resulting in the increase of pH value with the reaction time. The study showed that the reduction potentials of Fe-Al on Cr6+ are promoted under acidic state and with higher dosage of Fe-Al/Cr+6.

scholarly journals Reductive Electrophotocatalysis: Merging Electricity and Light to Achieve Extreme Reduction Potentials

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyunwoo Kim ◽  
Hyungjun Kim ◽  
Tristan Lambert ◽  
Song Lin
Keyword(s):  
Radical Anion ◽  
Aryl Radicals ◽  
Reduction Potentials ◽  
High Reduction ◽  
Very High ◽  
Excited Radical ◽  
Reducing Potential

We describe a new electrophotocatalytic strategy that harnesses the power of light and electricity to generate an excited radical anion with a reducing potential of –3.2 V vs. SCE, which can be used to activate substrates with very high reduction potentials (<i>E</i><sub>red</sub> ~ –1.9 to –2.9 V). The resultant aryl radicals can be engaged in various synthetically useful transformations to furnish arylboronate, arylstannane, and biaryl products.<br>

scholarly journals Reductive Electrophotocatalysis: Merging Electricity and Light to Achieve Extreme Reduction Potentials

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyunwoo Kim ◽  
Hyungjun Kim ◽  
Tristan Lambert ◽  
Song Lin
Keyword(s):  
Radical Anion ◽  
Aryl Radicals ◽  
Reduction Potentials ◽  
High Reduction ◽  
Very High ◽  
Excited Radical ◽  
Reducing Potential

We describe a new electrophotocatalytic strategy that harnesses the power of light and electricity to generate an excited radical anion with a reducing potential of –3.2 V vs. SCE, which can be used to activate substrates with very high reduction potentials (<i>E</i><sub>red</sub> ~ –1.9 to –2.9 V). The resultant aryl radicals can be engaged in various synthetically useful transformations to furnish arylboronate, arylstannane, and biaryl products.<br>

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