scholarly journals Challenges and perspectives for beekeeping in Ethiopia. A review

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina Gratzer ◽  
Kibebew Wakjira ◽  
Sascha Fiedler ◽  
Robert Brodschneider
Keyword(s):  
Honey Bee ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Pesticide Use ◽  
Sustainable Rural Development ◽  
Honey Yield

AbstractThe honey bee is an important fruit and vegetable pollinator and a producer of honey and other hive products. Beekeeping is a sustainable and high-potential activity for local communities and especially for the rural poor to gain additional income through non-timber forest products, does not require much land or high starting costs, maintains biodiversity and increases crop yields. Ethiopia is one of the top ten honey and beeswax producers in the world, but plays only a minor role in the international honey trade. Unlike large-scale beekeepers using modern techniques found in most leading honey-producing countries, the majority of Ethiopian beekeepers are small-scale producers practicing traditional beekeeping. In this article, we summarize the knowledge on Ethiopian beekeeping, honey bees, honey bee pests, marketing strategies, cultural aspects and major challenges of beekeeping. Furthermore, we used FAOSTAT data to calculate a pollination gap in order to draw the attention of stakeholders and decision-makers to bees and their importance in pollination and sustainable rural development. In regard to forage, we compiled 590 bee forage plants and their flowering times as a supplement to the article. This review outlines the following major points: (1) Ethiopia is a top honey and beeswax producer mainly for the domestic market; (2) Equipment for traditional beekeeping is easily accessible but brings disadvantages (gender gap, limitations in hive management and lower honey yield), while transitional and modern systems require certain beekeeping skills and higher starting costs; (3) Colony numbers increased by 72% from 1993 to 2018 and crop areas needing pollination by 150%; (4) Honey yield per hive and number of beehives managed per area of bee-pollinated crops increased by 20% and 28%, respectively; (5) Pesticide use has been increasing and there is a lack in pesticide use education. Recommendations to realize Ethiopia’s tremendous apicultural potential are discussed.

The interpretation and environmental significance of a buried Middle Pleistocene soil near Ipswich Airport, Suffolk, England

1987 ◽  
Vol 317 (1186) ◽  
pp. 365-391 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Land Surface ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Mineral Weathering ◽  
Middle Pleistocene ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Environmental Reconstruction ◽  
Frozen Ground ◽  
Fine Clay

A buried Middle Pleistocene soil at Ipswich Airport, Suffolk, England, was studied by using macromorphological, textural, mineralogical, chemical and micromorphological techniques. This soil, developed on a low-level terrace surface in the Kesgrave Sands and Gravels, and buried beneath solifluction deposits and the Barham Sands and Gravels, is a composite of the Valley Farm and Barham Soils which have been recognized over wide areas of East Anglia. Clay illuviation, gleying, rubification (haematite formation) and periglacial disruption were the major pedogenic processes active during its formation; mineral weathering and temperate pedoturbation appear to have played only a minor role. After deposition of the Kesgrave Sands and Gravels and establishment of a stable land surface, clay was translocated from the eluvial horizons into the lower illuvial horizons. Initially, this process consisted solely of fine clay but as the environment deteriorated, coarser and more poorly sorted clay was translocated. Biotic, shrink—swell or frost turbation processes led to localized disruption of some limpid (fine) clay coatings before, or simultaneous with, commencement of this phase of coarser clay illuviation. However, most fragmentation of coatings occurred later when the environment had deteriorated to one characterized by seasonally frozen ground. At this stage, silt grains were translocated and small-scale contraction cracks or microscale cryogenic features (silty clay cappings and duplex textural lamellae features) formed. Further deterioration of climate led to formation of large-scale contraction cracks and soil (or incipient ice) wedges, truncation of the soil and deposition of two solifluction deposits. The older sediment contains components of the eroded eluvial horizons, whereas the other solifluction deposit and the overlying (glacifluvial) Barham Sands and Gravels contain minerals derived from the Anglian ice sheet. The soil at Ipswich Airport is developed in the Waldringfield Member of the Kesgrave Formation, which is assumed to be of Beestonian age. As the overlying sediments were apparently deposited during the Anglian Stage, it appears that the soil probably formed during the Cromerian and early parts of the Anglian. Such a chronology would not be in dispute with the proposed environmental reconstruction derived largely from pedological evidence, which suggests a simple environmental deterioration from a temperate optimum to that of periglacial conditions. However, much depends on the significance of the first disruption phase. If the fragmentation of limpid clay coatings represents a sharp climatic oscillation, the environmental reconstruction and stratigraphic implications of this soil may be more complex.

scholarly journals Assessing virulence of Varroa destructor mites from different honey bee management regimes

Apidologie ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 276-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Travis L. Dynes ◽  
Jennifer A. Berry ◽  
Keith S. Delaplane ◽  
Jacobus C. de Roode ◽  
Berry J. Brosi
Keyword(s):  
Honey Bee ◽  
Evolutionary Theory ◽  
Varroa Destructor ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Mite Reproduction ◽  
Human Management ◽  
Bee Colonies

AbstractThe mite Varroa destructor is an important honey bee parasite that causes substantial losses of honey bee colonies worldwide. Evolutionary theory suggests that the high densities at which honey bees are managed in large-scale beekeeping settings will likely select for mites with greater growth and virulence, thereby potentially explaining the major damage done by these mites. We tested this hypothesis by collecting mites from feral bee colonies, “lightly” managed colonies (those from small-scale sedentary operations), and “heavily” managed colonies (those from large-scale operations that move thousands of colonies across the US on a yearly basis). We established 8 apiaries, each consisting of 11 colonies from a standardized lightly managed bee background that were cleared of mites, and artificially infested each apiary with controlled numbers of mites from feral, lightly managed, or heavily managed bees or left uninoculated as negative control. We monitored the colonies for more than 2 years for mite levels, colony strength (adult bee population, brood coverage, and honey storage), and survival. As predicted by evolutionary theory, we found that colonies inoculated with mites from managed backgrounds had increased V. destructor mite levels relative to those with mites from feral colonies or negative controls. However, we did not see a difference between heavily and lightly managed colonies, and these higher mite burdens did not translate into greater virulence, as measured by reductions in colony strength and survival. Our results suggest that human management of honey bee colonies may favor the increased population growth rate of V. destructor, but that a range of potential confounders (including viral infections and genotype-by-genotype interactions) likely contribute to the relationship between mite reproduction and virulence.

scholarly journals Assessment of the pesticide use, practice and hazards on cotton growing farmers in the Awash Valley Ethiopia.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Sileshi ◽  
A. Zemedkun ◽  
S. Nurhussien
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
School Level ◽  
Protective Measure ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Pesticide Use ◽  
Cropping Season ◽  
Empty Containers

Abstract Pesticides are commonly used in the prevention or control of pests such as insect pests, mites, disease, and weeds in crops to increase production and productivity. The aim of the current study was designed to assess the pesticide utilization, practice, pesticide-related knowledge, and perception of farmers and to evaluate the protective measure taken by the farmers. For this purpose, field surveys were carried in Amibara, Gewane, Assayita, and Fentale districts during the 2019 main crop cropping season. A total of 128 small-scale holder farmers, 25 large-scale holder farmers, 30 sprayers, and 12 extensions were interviewed closed and opened questioners. The results revealed that the majority of farmers (44.5%) between the age of 41 and 50 years old, while only fourteen those (9.4%) were more than 51 years old. Regarding the educational level of smallholder farmers, 49.2% were illiterates, 27.9% elementary school, 17.0% secondary school and 5.8% had completed high school. The majority of sprayers (66.7%) were elementary school level. The unsafe and indiscriminate use of pesticides in agriculture represents a major hazard to the environment and human health. All farmers (100%) acknowledged that pesticides were harmful to their health and the environment. Over 63.2% of the farmers did not read or follow pesticide label instructions, and 78.5% did not use any personal protective equipment during spray operation and formulation pesticides. When disposing of pesticide empty containers, respondents adopted unsafe practices such as through near irrigated canal, burning, dumping in the field, domestic use, and burying. Less than 50% of smallholder farmers obtained training on pesticide use 14.8%, application method 16.6%, disposal of empty container 13.3%, and storage and safety 10.2%. Results also demonstrated that all farmers showed poor practices regarding the disposal of empty pesticide containers. The present study revealed that the utilization and practices of pesticides in irrigated cotton-producing areas in the Awash Valley of Ethiopia. It also demonstrated the role of retailers, importers, and state extension workers in providing information and advice to the farmers. Future researches should focus on the merit and demerit of mixing two or more pesticides to control insect pests and on the evaluation of different pesticide resistance development against a variety of insect pests in cotton-growing areas.

scholarly journals Kesiapan Industri Rumah Tangga Mebel terhadap Penerapan Sistem Verifikasi Legalitas Kayu di Yogyakarta

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-58
Author(s):  
Reza Ahda Sabiila ◽  
Eko Ruddy Cahyadi ◽  
Hartrisari Hardjomidjojo
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Distribution Channel ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Export Market ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Distributed Information ◽  
Multi Stakeholder ◽  
Small Scale Industries

Illegal logging and illegal timber trade have been ones of major causes of deforestation in many countries, including Indonesia. Indonesian Timber Legality Assurance System (Sistem Verifikasi Legalitas Kayu/SVLK) is an instrument to improve governance of timber sector. The system ensures the legality of timber harvested, transported, processed, and marketed by Indonesian forestry enterprises. SVLK is developed through engagement of multi-stakeholder (scholars, business association, relevant ministries, and NGOs). Implementation of SVLK is mandatory. Since implemented, SVLK has increased export of forest products. However, the export is dominated by large scale enterprises. On other hand, many of small and medium scale industries are yet registered. Micro and small scale industries have basic difficulties to meet the applicable standards of SVLK. According to background and issues, the study aims to analyze distribution network, small business profit, cost of SVLK implementation, and the application of svlk feasibility financial simulation on small scale industries furniture. Primary data collection was carried out with purposive sampling method through deep interview and questionnaires. The result showed there were 3 alternative distribution channels of community wood marketing in Yogyakarta. Each distribution channel has different characteristics. Cost percentage of SVLK implementation is 4.00%. The actual challenge is in the equally distributed information and incompatibility between the requirements of SVLK and the life of small scale industries. SVLK requires Rp 7.787.500,- in early periode and Rp 6.230.000,- to be paid every 2 years. The total cost is Rp 32.707.500,- for 10 years. There are only 7% of small scale industries knowing about SVLK. Small scale industries which don’t know clearly is 50 %, while other small scale industries claim to be uninformed. Based on the study, NPV Rp 10.011.212,-, BCR 1,13 dan investment return rate 18%. Feasibility financial simulation showed SVLK implementation is possible, although has little positive sales development. Small scale furniture industries with 144 m3 raw material per year usage have to target 12% sales development in first year. In second year of implementation, small scale furniture industries cashflow has negative point. It caused by surveillance cost. Small scale furniture industries interest to SVLK implementation was in minimum point. Small scale furniture industries interest to SVLK implementation can be increased by certification financing programs and the export market assurance.

scholarly journals Turkish Chemical Industry and Environmentally Friendly Technologies

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 257 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Nilgün Akin ◽  
Z. Ilsen Önsan
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Pollution Abatement ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Marmara Region ◽  
Marmara Sea ◽  
Industrial Companies ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Metal Products

Turkey has been manufacturing chemicals for a long time, being a producer of many basic and intermediate chemicals, petrochemicals and plastics. Among ca. 6000 companies manufacturing various<br />chemicals, 95 are large scale, 208 are medium scale, and the rest are all small size companies. The southern coast of the Marmara Sea is the home of Turkey’s densest population and industrial centers. Most<br />companies in chemical industries, especially private sector companies, are situated in the Marmara Region which, therefore, also generates large amounts of solid and liquid wastes from industrial areas, along with municipal solid waste and sewage as well as air pollution from gas emissions. Large scale industrial companies place a great deal of importance on international standards in production and comply with<br />environmental legislation and regulations. Although Turkey has made great progress over the last fifteen years in creating mechanisms to address its environmental problems, air and water pollution abatement problems still exist due to small scale enterprises generally using old technologies in sub-sectors including highly polluting activities such as textiles/clothing/leather, metal products/machinery/equipment, food/beverages/tobacco, forest products/furniture.

Willows: An underestimated resource for environment and society

2001 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theo Verwijst
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Breeding Strategy ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Populus Species

In a global perspective and compared to poplar cultivation, willow cultivation has been the stepchild of the employment of the Salicaceae. While willows are grown and used for a large number of different purposes in both the northern and southern hemispheres, willow growing traditionally has been carried out on a small scale. However, the number of species in the genus Salix exceeds the number of Populus species by one order of magnitude, and the geographical distribution and physiognomic range of willow species is larger than of poplars. Only recently has a start been made to exploit the large biological variation within the genus Salix by means of breeding and selection and by means of new planting and management schemes. During only one century, the major obstacles to the availability of forest products have been shifting from technical and economic limitations to ecological and environmental constraints. Due to its high potential of environmental assets, a rapid development of all aspects of willow cultivation is envisaged during the next decades. Willow growing offers a range of products, services and new environmental applications well beyond the range of those encountered in poplar growing. As willow and poplar are closely related genera, several of the lessons learned during the large-scale breeding and cultivation of poplars are relevant to the field of willow growing. These include logistics, mitigation of risk for pest and disease transfer, and especially the need to ensure a wide genetic variability, containing material suitable for different site conditions. Large-scale implementation of sustainable short rotation forestry can be achieved by means of further exploitation of willow in its potential position in between forestry and agriculture, as a recipient of surplus organic nutrients from unbanised and intensively used agricultural areas and as a buffer between productive land and water courses. Key words: breeding strategy, clones, coppice, implementation, International Poplar Commission, pathogens, phytoremediation, Salix, willow

Small-Scale Science to Large-Scale Profession

2000 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 396-398
Author(s):  
Roger Smith
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Scale

Development of Physics Learning Module Based on Guided Inquiry with Light Wave Material in Class XI of Senior High School

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Evi Rahmawati ◽  
Irnin Agustina Dwi Astuti ◽  
N Nurhayati
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Learning Strategy ◽  
Student Response ◽  
Average Score ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Design Development ◽  
Teacher Response ◽  
Student Responses ◽  
Analysis Design ◽  
Scientific Skills

IPA Integrated is a place for students to study themselves and the surrounding environment applied in daily life. Integrated IPA Learning provides a direct experience to students through the use and development of scientific skills and attitudes. The importance of integrated IPA requires to pack learning well, integrated IPA integration with the preparation of modules combined with learning strategy can maximize the learning process in school. In SMP 209 Jakarta, the value of the integrated IPA is obtained from 34 students there are 10 students completed and 24 students are not complete because they get the value below the KKM of 68. This research is a development study with the development model of ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation). The use of KPS-based integrated IPA modules (Science Process sSkills) on the theme of rainbow phenomenon obtained by media expert validation results with an average score of 84.38%, average material expert 82.18%, average linguist 75.37%. So the average of all aspects obtained by 80.55% is worth using and tested to students. The results of the teacher response obtained 88.69% value with excellent criteria. Student responses on a small scale acquired an average score of 85.19% with highly agreed criteria and on the large-scale student response gained a yield of 86.44% with very agreed criteria. So the module can be concluded receiving a good response by the teacher and students.

Planetary gentrification and urban (re)development

2019 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loretta Lees
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Urban Redevelopment ◽  
Urban Transformation ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Low Income Groups

Abstract Gentrification is no-longer, if it ever was, a small scale process of urban transformation. Gentrification globally is more often practised as large scale urban redevelopment. It is state-led or state-induced. The results are clear – the displacement and disenfranchisement of low income groups in favour of wealthier in-movers. So, why has gentrification come to dominate policy making worldwide and what can be done about it?

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION OF CA DONG PEOPLE IN RESETTLEMENT AREA OF TRANH RIVER HYDROPOWER NUMBER 2: CURRENT SITUATION AND IMPACT FACTORS

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bùi Thị Bích Lan
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Transition Process ◽  
Impact Factors ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Technical Application ◽  
Production Models ◽  
Role Of The State

In Vietnam, the construction of hydropower projects has contributed significantly in the cause of industrialization and modernization of the country. The place where hydropower projects are built is mostly inhabited by ethnic minorities - communities that rely primarily on land, a very important source of livelihood security. In the context of the lack of common productive land in resettlement areas, the orientation for agricultural production is to promote indigenous knowledge combined with increasing scientific and technical application; shifting from small-scale production practices to large-scale commodity production. However, the research results of this article show that many obstacles in the transition process are being posed such as limitations on natural resources, traditional production thinking or the suitability and effectiveness of scientific - technical application models. When agricultural production does not ensure food security, a number of implications for people’s lives are increasingly evident, such as poverty, preserving cultural identity, social relations and resource protection. Since then, it has set the role of the State in researching and building appropriate agricultural production models to exploit local strengths and ensure sustainability.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document