scholarly journals An intensive study plot to investigate chestnut tree reproduction

2021 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Clément Larue ◽  
Teresa Barreneche ◽  
Rémy J. Petit
Keyword(s):  
Seed Set ◽  
Germplasm Collection ◽  
Castanea Sativa ◽  
Flowering Phenology ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Ssr Loci ◽  
Nut Production ◽  
Flower Type

Abstract Key message Pollination is a key step for fruit production. To provide a tool for future in-depth analysis of pollination in chestnut, we describe in detail a chestnut orchard (location, genotype, phenotype and seed-set of all trees). Context Chestnuts, which are insect-pollinated trees, have been massively planted around the world for nut production. Orchards are planted with clonal varieties selected from crosses between the European chestnuts (Castanea sativa) and Japanese chestnuts (C. crenata) or Chinese chestnuts (C. mollissima) because these two last species are tolerant to blight and ink diseases. Aims To characterize chestnut genetic resources and accurately model male and female fitness as well as pollen exchanges in orchards, we characterized all chestnuts of the INRAE chestnut germplasm collection located near Bordeaux (France). Methods All chestnut trees were geolocated and genotyped using 79 SNP and 98 SSR loci. We scored their flowering phenology using chestnut BBCH scale and precisely described their phenotype (height, diameter a breast height (DBH), canopy diameter…), their capacity to produce pollen (flower type, catkins length…) and their fruit production (number of burrs, seed-set…). Results We geolocated 275 trees and genotyped 273 of them. We identified 115 unique genotypes and assigned each genotype to species. To assess phenology, we evaluated 244 trees twice a week, for 6 weeks from early June to mid-July. We also described tree phenotypes with 11 variables, pollen production with 5 variables and fruit production with 3 variables. All measures were recorded in 2018 except seed set that was measured two consecutive years, in 2018 and 2019. Conclusion The data collected is very detailed and allows modelling precisely pollen exchanges between trees. Parts of this data have been successfully published in scientific articles. Data are available at: https://data.inrae.fr/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.15454/GSJSWW Associated metadata are available at:https://metadata-afs.nancy.inra.fr/geonetwork/srv/fre/catalog.search#/metadata/02c5ca07-1536-4f89-9a0c-9e8d44a91287

Anthesis, anther dehiscence, pistil receptivity and fruit development in the Longum group of Capsicum annuum

2000 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 755 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Aleemullah ◽  
A. M. Haigh ◽  
P. Holford
Keyword(s):  
Seed Set ◽  
Flowering Phenology ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Anther Dehiscence ◽  
Horticultural Crop ◽  
Flower Opening ◽  
Endogenous Rhythms ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Species Being ◽  
Made In

Little attention has been paid to the events associated with fruit production such as flowering and seed set in chilli peppers despite this species being a major horticultural crop. To address this deficit, we examined flowering phenology in the cv. Red Hot Glory, a representative of the Longum group of peppers. Measurements of bud length and width showed that these characteristics can provide an effective index of the number of days required by a bud to reach anthesis. Anthesis itself mainly occurred during the morning with a second, smaller peak of flower opening in the afternoon. Measurements made in spring and summer suggested that the daily start of anthesis is controlled by daylength. In flowers that opened before 1700 hours, anther dehiscence took place 1 h after the buds opened; in flowers that opened later, dehiscence was delayed until the following morning. This pattern of anther dehiscence suggests that this event is partially controlled by the flower’s endogenous rhythms. Controlled pollinations showed that the period of female receptivity, as judged by seed set, lasted from 5 days before anthesis to 3 days after anthesis with maximum fertility occurring on the day of anthesis. Therefore, bud pollinations are possible, and, for maximum seed set, should be made as close to the day of anthesis as possible. This study has provided baseline data that will aid the production of new, hybrid cultivars and will facilitate further studies on the factors affecting fertility in this species.

Chestnut cultivar diversification process in the Iberian Peninsula, Canary Islands, and Azores

Genome ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 301-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Santiago Pereira-Lorenzo ◽  
Rita Maria Lourenço Costa ◽  
Ana María Ramos-Cabrer ◽  
Marta Ciordia-Ara ◽  
Carla Alexandra Marques Ribeiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Canary Islands ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Castanea Sativa ◽  
Molecular Study ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Northern Spain ◽  
Ssr Loci ◽  
Castanea Sativa Mill

This is a large-scale molecular study based on simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci of the diversification process in chestnut cultivars from Portugal and Spain, from the northern Iberian Peninsula to the Canary Islands and the Azores. A total of 593 grafted chestnut trees (Castanea sativa Mill.) were analysed with 10 SSRs: 292 from Portugal and 301 from Spain. Some of the trees studied were more than 300 years old. Accessions were analysed using a model-based Bayesian procedure to assess the geographical structure and to assign individuals to reconstructed populations based on the SSR genotypes. We found 356 different genotypes with a mean value of clonality of 33% owing to grafting. Mutations accounted for 6%, with hybridization being the main diversification process that can explain the great diversity found. Ten main cultivar groups were detected: four in northern Spain, five in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula, and one in southern Spain related to the centre of the Iberian Peninsula. This work demonstrated that cultivar origin and the diversification process was a combination of clonal propagation of selected seedlings, hybridization, and mutations, which allowed high levels of diversity to be maintained with respect to selected clones for fruit production. Furthermore, seedlings and graft sticks facilitated the transport to new destinations in the colonization process, transporting sometimes more than 3000 km if we consider the Azores and the Canary Islands.

Evaluation of Energy and Economic Analysis of Chestnut (Castanea Sativa Mill.) Fruit Production in Turkey

2019 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-216
Author(s):  
Osman Gökdoğan ◽  
Oktay Erdoğan ◽  
Engin Ertan ◽  
Ferit Çobanoğlu
Keyword(s):  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Castanea Sativa ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Castanea Sativa Mill

scholarly journals Ecological and Economic Indicators for the Evaluation of Almond (Prunus dulcis L.) Orchard Renewal in Sicily

Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Sottile ◽  
Stefano Massaglia ◽  
Cristiana Peano
Keyword(s):  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Economic Assessment ◽  
Prunus Dulcis ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Assessment Approach ◽  
Full Production ◽  
Marked Decline ◽  
Governmental Institutions

Globally, almond production is experiencing a growing trend thanks to a strong interest in the health, gastronomic, and industrial properties that are linked to the fruits and their derivatives. After a constant and marked decline in the second half of the last century, the Mediterranean Basin is thoroughly reassessing this crop, which provides significant results with a modern orchard management. The opportunity determined by the transition from traditional to modern systems have increased the interest in evaluating the different environmental impacts of the two cultivation models that still coexist today. In this work, through the application of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and an economic assessment approach with an in-depth analysis related to the cultivation cycle and the use of resources, the role played by each factor involved in production was determined. Overall, the Greenhouses Gases (GHG) emissions in modern farms are higher (Global Warming Potential (GWP) 0.224 kg CO2 eq.) than those in traditional farms (GWP 0.182 kg CO2 eq.). Regarding the economic assessment, it appears relevant that the modern almond model in the full production phase guarantees significantly higher margins (+84%).The perception of the importance attributed to evaluating economic and environmental aspects by different stakeholders shows relevant differences in the approach coming from growers, dealers, and governmental institutions allows the investigators to positively underline the current innovation in almond orchard systems considering the balance between fruit production and the conservation of environmental resources.

scholarly journals Studies on the Gall Characteristics of Dryocosmus kuriphilus in Chestnut Genotypes in Yalova and Bursa Provinces of Turkey

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nimet S. GENÇER ◽  
Cevriye MERT
Keyword(s):  
Castanea Sativa ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Gall Formation ◽  
Gall Wasp ◽  
Local Varieties ◽  
Dryocosmus Kuriphilus ◽  
Plant Organ ◽  
Stem Gall ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
The Mean

The Asian chestnut gall wasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus is a global pest of chestnut (Castanea spp.). It has been spreading in Turkey’s forests and orchards since 2014. This pest imposes a big threat to the Turkish chestnut industry, which is among the top producers in the world. Its gall morphology has been related to pest pressure and host cultivar, thus eventually modulating plant damage with heavy impact on growth and fruit production. We compared gall characters (position on plant organ, ratios, dimensions, volumes, number of larval chambers) in wild Castanea sativa, two local cultivars and a Euro Japanese hybrid. Overall, leaf galls were more common (55.36%), followed by the stem (19.6%) and leaf stipule galls (15.29%). The mean number of chamber and volume value of gall types were 1.52-5.93 and 0.43-2.15 cm3, respectively. The highest values were observed in ‘stem gall’. The more gall formation was observed in the wild chestnut trees and ‘Marigoule’ than the other local varieties.

Flowering phenology of tropical-alpine dwarf trees on Mount Kinabalu, Borneo

2004 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 563-571 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaku Kudo ◽  
Shizuo Suzuki
Keyword(s):  
Flowering Phenology ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Flowering Pattern ◽  
Flowering Synchrony ◽  
Mount Kinabalu ◽  
Main Plot ◽  
Tropical Alpine ◽  
Summit Region

The flowering phenology of five alpine dwarf-tree species was observed in the summit region (3900–3950 m elevation) of Mt. Kinabalu on Borneo Island from March 1998 to November 2001. For each target species, 20–50 individual plants were numbered in two observation plots and the number of inflorescences was monitored at 2–3-mo intervals. The flowering patterns varied among species. Rhododendron buxifolium bloomed extensively every March–May at the main plot but the flowering pattern at the subplot was less predictable. Mass flowering occurred in March 1998 when drought stress was very severe due to an El Niño event. Rhododendron ericoides showed continuous flowering throughout the year and high synchrony between the plots. Extensive flowering of Leptospermum recurvum occurred synchronously within and between plots in the early half of 1999, then flowering activity decreased greatly. Photinia davidiana showed an annual flowering cycle but the timing of the peak flowering differed between the plots. Vaccinium stapfianum showed synchronous flowering between the plots and the flowering peak appeared at longer than 1-y intervals. Plant size was positively correlated with mean flower production in all species, and with the flowering frequency of R. ericoides, R. buxifolium, and V. stapfianum at one of the plots at least. Two fleshy-fruited species, P. davidiana and V. stapfianum, had high selfing ability for fruit production and showed relatively low flowering synchrony among individuals in comparison with the other species. These results indicate that the trigger for initiation of flowering may differ among sympatric species in a tropical-alpine ecosystem at least in normal years.

The Ruby-throated Hummingbird and its major food plants: ranges, flowering phenology, and migration

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 210-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert I. Bertin
Keyword(s):  
Seed Set ◽  
Flowering Phenology ◽  
Food Plants ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Forest Types ◽  
Insect Pollination ◽  
Major Food ◽  
Insect Visitation ◽  
Herbarium Data ◽  
And Migration

The Ruby-throated Hummingbird (or rubythroat, Archilochus colubris) and several of its major food plants were examined to assess the importance of rubythroat versus insect pollination, the overlap of geographical ranges, and the synchrony between migration and flowering times. Seed set of Impatiens biflora was increased 8–17% by rubythroat and insect visitation over the level achieved by insects alone. The rubythroat's range is not contiguous with that of any of 22 putative food plants examined, but is nearly coincident with the range of certain forest types, perhaps reflecting the importance of sap for food. A new method was developed to estimate peak flowering times of plants from herbarium data. Based on these data and field observations, only one rubythroat food plant (Impatiens biflora) had peak flowering times close to peak rubythroat migration times throughout their shared range. Rubythroats and their North American food plants are facultative mutualists, with the plants apparently having been evolutionarily more labile.

scholarly journals Pollen Donor Position and Climate Factor Affecting Fruit Production of Nutmeg

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susi Purwiyanti ◽  
NFN Sudarsono ◽  
Yudiwanti Wahyu Endro Kusumo ◽  
Otih Rostiana
Keyword(s):  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Germplasm Collection ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Flower Initiation ◽  
Climate Factor ◽  
Average Production ◽  
Pollen Donor ◽  
Data Production ◽  
Distance Position

<em>The quality and quantity of nutmeg fruit, seed and mace can be improved through managing fruit and seed production.  Fruit development was affected by climate, flower initiation and pollination process. This study aimed to determine the correlation between climate, position, distance of pollen donor to female nutmeg trees, and the ratio of female and male trees to nutmeg yield.  The study was conducted at the nutmeg germplasm collection garden at Cicurug (550 m asl), Sukabumi, tested 295 nutmeg trees from 27 locations in Indonesia. Data production of female trees was based on 2005-2017 data. All nutmeg trees were mapped using the GPS Garmin 76c5x.  Tree sex was determined by male or female flowers domination in each tree. Correlation of the climate factors and production was analyzed using Pearson Correlation. The distance, position and the proportion of female to male trees were evalated by t-test at 5% level.  Ratio of female and male trees to produce high yield was 4 : 1. Rainfall (280-430 mm/month) and temperature (24 - 25<sup>o </sup>C)   during  the  pollination  period  (8-7  months  before  harvesting)  were <em>positively correlated with production by 57.9 % and 82.3 %. The position and distance of pollen donors to female trees had no effect on production.  However, the distance between pollen donors and female trees above 15 m produced an average production equal to 15 m. The number of trees around tree samples had no effect on nutmeg production, but light intensity at 61,425-88,480 lux absorbed by trees could enhance the yield.  Nutmeg required sunlight to penetrate plant canopy in order to induce fruit production.</em></em>

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