Labour market protection across space and time: A revised typology and a taxonomy of countries’ trajectories of change

We measure and interpret the evolution of labour market protection across 21 high-income countries over three decades, employing as conceptual foundations the ‘regime varieties’ and ‘trajectories of change’ developed by Esping-Andersen, Estevez-Abe, Hall and Soskice, and Thelen. We measure labour market protection considering four institutional dimensions – employment protection, unemployment protection, income maintenance and activation – and the evolution of the workforce composition. This measurement accounts for the joint evolution of labour market institutions, their complementarities and their relation to outcomes, and mitigate the unrealistic Average Production Worker assumption. We handle the multi-dimensional nature of labour market protection with Principal Component Analysis and capture the characteristics of countries’ trajectories of change with a composite score. We contribute to the literature in three ways. (1) We portray a revised typology that accounts for processes of change between 1990 and 2015, and that clusters regime varieties on the basis of coordination and solidarity levels, that is, Central/Northern European, Southern European, liberal. (2) We illustrate that, despite a persistent gap, a large majority of Coordinated Market Economies experiencing a decline in the level of labour market protection became more similar to Liberal Market Economies. (3) We develop a fivefold taxonomy of countries’ trajectories of change (liberalization, dualization, flexibility, de-dualization and higher protection), showing that these trajectories are not always path-dependent and consistent with regime varieties previously developed in the literature.

Pengaruh pengapuran dan pemupukkan P, K terhadap produktivitas dan kualitas buah papaya CV. Merah Muda di lahan rawa

Pepaya Merah Delima berpotensi untuk dibudidayakan di lahan rawa lebak. Permasalahan lahan rawa lebak yaitu pH rendah dan ketersediaan hara dalam tanah rendah sehingga perlu diberikan pengapuran dan pemupukan tambahan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan dosis kapur, pupuk P dan K terbaik untuk meningkatkan produktivitas dan kualitas pepaya Merah Delima. Penelitian dilakukan di lahan rawa lebak TTP Siak, Kecamatan Sai Mandau (BPTP Riau) dari bulan Januari 2018 sampai Desember 2019. Penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Petak Terbagi dengan petak utama yaitu dua taraf dosis kapur (6 dan 9 t ha-1) dan anak petak kombinasi dari tiga taraf dosis pupuk P2O5 (100, 200, 300 g tan-1) dan tiga taraf dosis pupuk K2O (150, 300, 450 g tan-1), setiap perlakuan terdapat tiga ulangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pemberian kapur dosis 6 t ha-1 dan kombinasi P dan K dosis 300 g tan-1+ 300 g tan-1 berturut-turut, dapat meningkatkan produksi pepaya Merah Delima sampai 51% dengan rata-rata produksi 98,00 kg tan-1, jumlah buah rata-rata 95,45 tan-1, bobot buah 1.031,30 g buah-1, PTT 11,81 oBrix, dan kekerasan buah 55,08 kg cm-2. Pemberian kapur dan tambahan pupuk P dan K efektif untuk memperbaiki sifat lahan rawa lebak sehingga dapat meningkatkan hasil tanaman pepaya Merah Delima. Papaya CV. Merah Delima is potential to be cultivated on tidal swampland. The problems of tidal swampland are low degree of pH and low nutrient availability in the soil, thus it needs additional liming and fertilization. This study aimed to obtain the best dose of lime, also phosphorus and potassium fertilizers to increase the productivity and quality of papaya cv. Merah Delima. The study was conducted at TTP Siak, Sai Mandau district (BPTP Riau) from January 2018 to December 2019. The study used a Split Plot Design with the main plot was two doses of lime (6 and 9 t ha-1) and the subplot was combination of three doses of P2O5 fertilizer (100, 200, 300 g plant-1) and three levels of K2O fertilizer (150, 300, 450 g plant-1), with three replications. The results showed the application of lime at dose of 6 t ha-1 combined by P and K fertilizer of 300 g plant-1 + 300 g plant-1, respectively, could increase papaya production up to 51%, whereas average production 98.00 kg plant-1, average number of fruits 95.45 plant-1, fruit weight 1,031.30 g fruit-1, TSS 11.81 °Brix, and fruit hardness of 55.08 kg cm-2. Application of lime and additional fertilizer into the tidal swampland are effective to improve its characteristics and able to increase the papaya Merah Delima production.

Coal Flowability Control on Preventing Spillage on Conveyor Belt Through Modeling and Simulation for Improving its Performance

Belt conveyors are generally used in mining plant areas, both surface and underground mines. The belt conveyor is mainly applied to transport the extracted bulk material from the mining site to delivery. The effectiveness of the extraction process depends on the reliability and durability of the conveyor belt system. In addition, conveyor performance is very important specially to control material flowability to prevent spills or other operational disturbances to optimize production throughput. However, the transfer chute and settling zone can cause some problems during the transfer process, such as material spills. This problem can reduce the function and performance of the conveyor belt. This paper discusses a design model to reduce the problem of spillage in the settling zone. The model was developed by compiling the previous defecting data from the durability of the conveyor system, then analyzed using Discrete Element Method (DEM) software and compared with bulk characteristics. The initial performance of certain conveyors is only capable of serving with an average production of 76% of the designed capacity while energy is consumed at full load. By applying the DEM simulation result, the blade gate can reduce the peak angle break in the depositional zone before exiting. After the analysis is completed using DEM, the conveyor increases the average production to 95% of the designed capacity. In conclusion, controlling the maximum belt load without spillage will reduce interruption on conveyor belt operation and maintenance costs therefore increase plant reliability and availability.

The use of the two different mycotoxin deactivators in the nutrition of dairy cows

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of two different commercial products for mycotoxin deactivation in the dairy cows’ nutrition. The research was done on the 18 dairy cows in the different phase of lactation, with the average production of 14 L of milk per day. The diet contained in average 8 kg of concentrate feed, 10 kg of mixed peas and wheat forage, 4 kg hay of alfalfa and cereal straw ad libitum. Before starting the trials all components of the cows’ ration were analysed for the presence of aflatoxin B1, while cow’s milk was analysed for the presence of aflatoxin M1. In the first phase of the trial cows were fed diet containing aflatoxin B1 at level of 5±0.9 µg/kg, which resulted in the average aflatoxin M1concentration of 181±3.5 ng/kg in the milk. In the second phase of the trail 0.5 % of the commercial product 1 (Neozel®) was added into the feed ration of cows and after the period of adaptation, the aflatoxin M1 concentration in milk was measured. In the third phase of the trail 0.3 % of the commercial product 2 (miko-Stop 0.3®) was added into the feed ration of cows and also, after the period of adaptation, the concentration of aflatoxin M1 in milk was measured. The last phase was the control phase in which cows were fed diets with aflatoxin B1 (5 µg/kg) without added mycotoxin deactivators. The use of both commercial products for ten days resulted in the reduction of aflatoxin M1 levels for 35.9 % and 53.6 %, respectively.

PRODUÇÃO E MATÉRIA SECA DO INHAME FERTIRRIGADO COM BIOFERTILIZANTE

PRODUÇÃO E MATÉRIA SECA DO INHAME FERTIRRIGADO COM BIOFERTILIZANTE EDIMIR XAVIER LEAL FERRAZ1; RAQUELE MENDES DE LIRA1; ANTONIO HENRIQUE CARDOSO DO NASCIMENTO2; ISAAC LIMA SIMÕES DE VASCONCELOS1; ROBERTO ELIAS DOS SANTOS1 E IRLÂNDIO DE SÁ SANTANA1 1 Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE-UAST), Av. Gregório Ferraz Nogueira, s/n, CEP 56909-535, Serra Talhada, Pernambuco, Brasil. 2 Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE-UAST), Av. Gregório Ferraz Nogueira, s/n, CEP 56909-535, Serra Talhada, Pernambuco, Brasil. 1 RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar a influência da aplicação de diferentes doses de biofertilizante via fertirrigação, sobre a produção e acúmulo de matéria seca de rizomas de inhame. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram compostos por cinco doses de biofertilizante (D1 = 0 ml planta-1; D2 = 30 ml planta-1; D3 = 60 ml planta-1; D4 = 90 ml planta-1; D5 = 120 ml planta-1). Aos 210 dias após o plantio realizou-se a colheita e através de pesagem com balança de precisão avaliou-se a produção e a matéria seca dos rizomas de inhame. Esses dados foram submetidos a análise de variância pelo teste F a 1 e 5%, e regressão polinomial. Constatou-se que o aumento das doses de biofertilizantes aplicado via fertirrigação possibilitou incremento na produção e matéria seca, mas com valores inferiores à média produtiva. Palavras chaves: Dioscorea cayennensis Lam., Fertilidade, Irrigação. FERRAZ, E.X.L.; LIRA, R.M.; NASCIMENTO, A.H.C; VASCONCELOS, I.L.S.; SANTOS, R. E.; SANTANA, I.S. YAM PRODUCTION AND DRY MATTER FERTILIZED WITH BIOFERTILIZER 2 ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the influence of the application of different doses of biofertilizer via fertigation on the production and accumulation of dry matter of yam rhizomes. The experimental design used was in a randomized block, with five treatments and four replications. The treatments consisted of five doses of biofertilizer (D1 = 0 ml. plant-1; D2 = 30 ml plant-1; D3 = 60 ml plant-1; D4 = 90 ml plant-1; D5 = 120 ml plant-1). At 210 days after planting, the harvest was carried out and, by weighing with a precision scale, the production and dry matter of the rhizomes of yam were evaluated. These data were submitted to analysis of variance by the F test at 1 and 5%, and polynomial regression. It was found that the increase in the doses of biofertilizers applied via fertigation allowed an increase in production and dry matter, but with values below the average production. Keywords: Dioscorea cayennensis Lam., Fertility, Irrigation.

Mathematical Modeling of Manufacturing Lines with Distribution by Process: A Markov Chain Approach

Today, there are a wide variety of ways to produce goods in a manufacturing company. Among the most common are mass or line production and process production, both of which are antagonists. In an online production system, materials move from station to station, receiving added value on a well-defined layout. In a production line by process, the materials randomly visit a set of machines strategically located in order to receive a treatment, almost always through metalwork machines, according to the final product of which they will be part. In this case, there is not a predefined layout, as the incoming materials are sectioned and each piece forms a continuous flow through different workstations to receive some process. This activity depends on the function of the product and its final destination as a component of a finished product. In this proposal, Markov chain theory is used to model a manufacturing system by process in order to obtain the expected values of the average production per machine, the total expected production in all the facilities, the leisure per machine and the total productive efficiency of the system, among other indicators. In this research, we assume the existence of historical information about the use of the equipment, its failures, the causes of failure and their repair times; in any factory, this information is available in the area of manufacturing engineering and plant engineering. From this information, statistical frequency indicators are constructed to estimate transition probabilities, from which the results presented here are derived. The proposal is complemented with a numerical example of a real case obtained from a refrigerator factory established in Mexico in order to illustrate the results derived from this research. The results obtained show their feasibility when successfully implemented in the company.

Genetic Improvement of Local Red Peanut With Using Nuclear Technique (Multigamma Irradiation) for Obtaining Superior Variety

The main problem examined in this study concerns the breeding of local red peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) to use standard multigamma irradiation methods to obtain superior variety that can be adapted to drought conditions, pests-diseases, extreme climate, and high production. The research objective was to develop local red peanut variety to use multigamma irradiation and careful selection for obtaining superior variety that can be adapted to drought conditions, pests-diseases, extreme climate, and high production. Research methods include multigamma irradiation, observation, sampling, carefully selection, comparative, and interpretation. The results of the study are as follows: The development of local red peanut variety through breeding to use multigamma irradiation and careful selection resulted in superior variety that could adapt to drought conditions, pests-diseases, extreme climate, and increased production significantly. The range of production of selected superior variety resulting from multigamma irradiation was (3.68-4.10) t ha-1 with an average production of 3.92 t ha-1. The percentage increase in the production of selected superior variety was 49.23% with an average water content of dry seeds of 11.3%.

Analisis Produksi dan Pendapatan Usahatani Padi Sawah (Suatu Studi pada Penerapan Sistim Tabela Super dan Sistem Tapin di Kabupaten Bombana)

This research aims to assess the labor use, production, and revenue of lowland rice farming using the Tabela Super and Tapin systems, as well as the differences in productivity and income between the two. This study took place from July to December 2021, and the research venue was chosen on purpose. The farmers of the Tabela super system and the farmers of the Tapin system were divided into two groups to determine responders (random cluster sampling). There were 122 lowland rice farmers, 111 super table farmers, and 11 Tapin farmers among the respondents. The Table Super system employed a simple random sample approach from that group, taking 10% of the total population of Tabela Super farmers, 11 respondents were paddy field farmers, and 11 respondents from the Tapin system used the census method. According to the findings, respondents' average production for rice farmers utilizing the Tabela Super System is 4,712 kg, while farmers using the Tapin system produce 3,300 kilograms. Rice farmers using the super table method earn an average of IDR10.177.656, while those using the Tapin system earn an average of IDR5.011.994. The t-test value shows that the difference in lowland rice farmers' production with the Tabela Super System and the Tapin system has a significance value of t of 0.040 < 0.05. The statistical test results of the t-test show that the difference in lowland rice farmers' income with the Tabela Super System and the Tapin system has a significance value of t of 0.000 < 0.05.

Artificial Lift Rigless Opportunity to Re-Activate the Inactive Wells Inventory an a Middle East Mega-Field After a Successful Pilot of a Best Practices and New Technology With Jet Pump

A Gulf oil operation company has been working to evaluate a rigless method of Artificial Lift System (ALS) suitable for its current assets and any future needs on ALS to minimize the impact of deferred production, and having the flexibility to bringing back the inactive string to production and act as a sustained production lift method. This paper describes a comprehensive study of the main objectives for a rigless Artificial Lift trial. The Rigless Jet Pump system was selected as one of the ALS fast implementation methods to activate the inactive wells. The trial was conducted in two inactive wells; across two different mega-fields, enabling both wells to produce stably and continuously with an average production rate of 650 BOPD. A thorough assessment was performed and the Rigless Jet Pump System was declared as a successful pilot providing confidence to scale up across all the company fields. The scale-up plans it will include 10 systems that can be rotated and applied where needed across all company fields. The trial implementation of the Rigless Jet Pump was evaluated based on supply and the connectivity in the field. This includes equipment mobilization (from the call-out time), availability of the field resources, the installation job, and up to the Surface Equipment connectivity plan. The evaluation also closely monitored the subsequence rig-up procedure and rigless deployment of the downhole equipment which was designed for installation straddled across an existing gas lift side pocket mandrel. Once surface and subsurface installation was completed, the wells were put on production to reactivate the inactive strings. Both wells were tested to confirm the achievement of a minimum of 80% of the designed production rates. The performance of the rigless activation of inactive wells using a jet pump has been proven successful. Both wells showed promising results while jet pump operation confirming a profitable alternative to accelerate production across fields toward achieving production mandates. The performance of the system delivered the Efficiency and Safety (HSE & Integrity) expected as part of the project KPI's. This novel practice for the Jet Pump System is linked to the rigless deployment and retrieval mechanism with topside equipment skid mounted for easy movement to other wells. This gives to the oil field operators an alternative and competitive edge over other modes of lift that required a workover program. The rigless method can be adapted to the existing in-active wells with SPM (side Pocket Mandrels) or without; by a tubing punch after a comprehensive integrity evaluation.

Kinerja Gabungan Kelompok Tani dalam Meningkatkan Pendapatan Petani Karet di Kecamatan Banyuasin III, Kabupaten Banyuasin, Provinsi Sumatra Selatan

One such efforts to develop rubber business by forming a farmer group. This study aims to: (1) measure the level of performance the combined farmer group and the rubber farmer group, (2) measure the behavior rubber farmer, (3) calculate the production and income, (4) analyze the relationship the combined performance of the farmer group and the rubber farmer group with the behavior of rubber farmers, (5) analyzing the relationship behavior with production and income of rubber farmers. Research in the District Banyuasin III. This research method uses survey methods. Data from research and interviews made qualitatively presented in tabulation, mathematical calculations explained descriptively and Spearman Rank correlation analysis. Respondents are members of rubber farmers. The results of the study (1) the level of performance the combined farmer group high (98.00%) and the farmer group high (93.73%), (2) the behavior of farmers high (93.26%), (3) the average production (5,008 tons/year/cultivated) and average income of (Rp.33,600,059,122,-year/arable), (4) there is a significant relationship the performance of Gapoktan and Poktan with the behavior of rubber farmers, the value of Spearman Rank correlation coefficient 0.340 and 0.374 α 0.01, (5) there is no relationship behavior and production and income of rubber farmers with Spearman Rank correlation coefficient -0.032 and -0.070.