scholarly journals The Productivity Gap Among Major European Countries, USA and Japan

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giorgio Calcagnini ◽  
Germana Giombini ◽  
Giuseppe Travaglini
Keyword(s):  
Productivity Growth ◽  
A Priori ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Efficient Markets ◽  
Factor Productivity ◽  
Markets And Institutions ◽  
Common Trend ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Common ◽  
Opportunity Cost Approach

Abstract This paper analyzes Total Factor Productivity (TFP) in five European countries (France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and UK), the USA and Japan between 1954 and 2017. It uses the common trend– common cycle (CTCC) approach to decompose series in trends and cycles. We find that the seven economies are structurally different and differently affected by similar shocks. We show that trend and cycle innovations are, in most of the cases, negatively correlated as predicted by the ‘opportunity cost’ approach to productivity growth, and that trend innovations are larger than cycle innovations. We provide an interpretation for countries’ differences in TFP performance in recent years that is related to the so-called ‘deep’ determinants in growth literature, such as the presence of efficient markets and institutions. Finally, we present a comparison with the traditional Hodrick and Prescott deterministic filter to highlight the advantages of CTCC methodology that does not require a priori on the nature of the time series.

6. The curriculum

2021 ◽  
pp. 91-106
Author(s):  
Gary Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Common Sense ◽  
Hidden Curriculum ◽  
National Curriculum ◽  
State Standards ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Education Professionals ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Spiral Model

‘The curriculum’ argues that the generally accepted feeling is that the curriculum has been the jealously guarded province of teachers and education professionals, never to be penetrated by the common sense of politicians or public. This led to the establishment of the National Curriculum in the UK and a clutch of other European countries in the 1980s. Recent moves in the USA have aimed to introduce similar conformity, including the Common Core State Standards Initiative in 2010. This subject can't ignore the influence of ancient curricula and Jerome Bruner’s spiral model of the curriculum. What are the effects also of the hidden curriculum and the proliferation of tests on the curriculum?

The Logicism of Frege, Dedekind, and Russell

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Demopoulos ◽  
Peter Clark
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
The Core ◽  
Common Thread ◽  
Synthetic A Priori ◽  
The Common

This article is organized around logicism's answers to the following questions: What is the basis for our knowledge of the infinity of the numbers? How is arithmetic applicable to reality? Why is reasoning by induction justified? Although there are, as is seen in this article, important differences, the common thread that runs through all three of the authors discussed in this article their opposition to the Kantian thesis that reflection on reasoning with mere concepts (i.e., without attention to intuitions formed a priori) can never succeed in providing satisfactory answers to these three questions. This description of the core of the view differs from more usual formulations which represent the opposition to Kant as an opposition to the contention that mathematics in general, and arithmetic in particular, are synthetic a priori rather than analytic.

scholarly journals Linguistic validation of the simplified Chinese version of the US National Cancer Institute’s patient-reported outcomes version of the common terminology criteria for adverse events (PRO-CTCAE™)

BMC Cancer ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng KKF ◽  
S. A. Mitchell ◽  
N. Chan ◽  
E. Ang ◽  
W. Tam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Events ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Patient Reported Outcomes ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Cognitive Interviews ◽  
Simplified Chinese ◽  
Patient Reported ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Common ◽  
Response Choices

Abstract Background The aim of this study was to translate and linguistically validate the U.S. National Cancer Institute’s Patient-Reported Outcomes version of the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (PRO-CTCAE™) into Simplified Chinese for use in Singapore. Methods All 124 items of the English source PRO-CTCAE item library were translated into Simplified Chinese using internationally established translation procedures. Two rounds of cognitive interviews were conducted with 96 cancer patients undergoing adjuvant treatment to determine if the translations adequately captured the PRO-CTCAE source concepts, and to evaluate comprehension, clarity and ease of judgement. Interview probes addressed the 78 PRO-CTCAE symptom terms (e.g. fatigue), as well as the attributes (e.g. severity), response choices, and phrasing of ‘at its worst’. Items that met the a priori threshold of ≥20% of participants with comprehension difficulties were considered for rephrasing and retesting. Items where < 20% of the sample experienced comprehension difficulties were also considered for rephrasing if better phrasing options were available. Results A majority of PRO-CTCAE-Simplified Chinese items were well comprehended by participants in Round 1. One item posed difficulties in ≥20% and was revised. Two items presented difficulties in < 20% but were revised as there were preferred alternative phrasings. Twenty-four items presented difficulties in < 10% of respondents. Of these, eleven items were revised to an alternative preferred phrasing, four items were revised to include synonyms. Revised items were tested in Round 2 and demonstrated satisfactory comprehension. Conclusions PRO-CTCAE-Simplified Chinese has been successfully developed and linguistically validated in a sample of cancer patients residing in Singapore.

scholarly journals ENTREPRENEURS, FINANCIERS, AND BOOM–BUST CYCLES

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 785-816 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takuma Kunieda ◽  
Akihisa Shibata
Keyword(s):  
Great Recession ◽  
Productivity Growth ◽  
Financial Crises ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Factor Productivity ◽  
Business Cycle Theory ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
Dynamic General Equilibrium Model ◽  
Parameter Values ◽  
Financial Market Imperfections

In this paper, a dynamic general equilibrium model with infinitely lived entrepreneurs and financiers is developed to investigate a possible mechanism that explains business cycles and financial crises. The highest growth rate is achievable only if financiers coexist with entrepreneurs, given a certain extent of financial market imperfections. However, if financiers coexist with entrepreneurs, the economy is highly likely to face a financial crisis at certain parameter values. These two-sided implications of the coexistence of entrepreneurs and financiers explain why both instability and high growth are frequently observed in modern economies. Furthermore, our model can obtain countercyclical movements in total factor productivity growth that cannot be explained by the standard real business cycle theory but were observed in the Great Recession of 2007–2008.

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