Vascular endothelial cells are thought to be the main source of plasma tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) and von Willebrand factor (VWF). Previous studies have suggested that both t-PA and VWF are acutely released in response to the same stimuli, both in cultured endothelial cells and in vivo. However, the subcellular storage compartment in endothelial cells has not been definitively established. We tested the hypothesis that t-PA is localized in Weibel-Palade (WP) bodies, the specialized endothelial storage granules for VWF. In cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), t-PA was expressed in a minority of cells and found in WP bodies by immunofluorescence. After up-regulation of t-PA synthesis either by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and retinoic acid or by sodium butyrate, there was a large increase in t-PA–positive cells. t-PA was exclusively located to WP bodies, an observation confirmed by immunoelectron microscopy. Incubation with histamine, forskolin, and epinephrine induced the rapid, coordinate release of both t-PA and VWF, consistent with a single storage compartment. In native human skeletal muscle, t-PA was expressed in endothelial cells from arterioles and venules, along with VWF. The 2 proteins were found to be colocalized in WP bodies by immunoelectron microscopy. These data indicate that t-PA and VWF are colocalized in WP bodies, both in HUVECs and in vivo. Release of both t-PA and VWF from the same storage pool likely accounts for the coordinate increase in the plasma level of the 2 proteins in response to numerous stimuli, such as physical activity, β-adrenergic agents, and 1-deamino-8d-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP) among others.
Arsenite Inhibits Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator Synthesis through NRF2 Activation in Cultured Human Vascular Endothelial EA.hy926 Cells