Recognition hypermnesia: The growth of recognition memory (d') over time with repeated testing

Abstract To explore driver behavior in highly automated vehicles (HAVs), independent researchers are mainly conducting short experiments. This limits the ability to explore drivers’ behavioral changes over time, which is crucial when research has the intention to reveal human behavior beyond the first-time use. The current paper shows the methodological importance of repeated testing in experience and behavior related studies of HAVs. The study combined quantitative and qualitative data to capture effects of repeated interaction between drivers and HAVs. Each driver ( n = 8 n=8 ) participated in the experiment on two different occasions (∼90 minutes) with one-week interval. On both occasions, the drivers traveled approximately 40 km on a rural road at AstaZero proving grounds in Sweden and encountered various traffic situations. The participants could use automated driving (SAE level 4) or choose to drive manually. Examples of data collected include gaze behavior, perceived safety, as well as interviews and questionnaires capturing general impressions, trust and acceptance. The analysis shows that habituation effects were attenuated over time. The drivers went from being exhilarated on the first occasion, to a more neutral behavior on the second occasion. Furthermore, there were smaller variations in drivers’ self-assessed perceived safety on the second occasion, and drivers were faster to engage in non-driving related activities and become relaxed (e. g., they spent more time glancing off road and could focus more on non-driving related activities such as reading). These findings suggest that exposing drivers to HAVs on two (or more) successive occasions may provide more informative and realistic insights into driver behavior and experience as compared to only one occasion. Repeating an experiment on several occasions is of course a balance between the cost and added value, and future research should investigate in more detail which studies need to be repeated on several occasions and to what extent.

Download Full-text

Improvement in recall over time without repeated testing: Spontaneous recovery revisited.

Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition ◽

10.1037/0278-7393.21.1.173 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 173-184 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Mark A. Wheeler

Keyword(s):

Spontaneous Recovery ◽

Repeated Testing ◽

Over Time

Download Full-text

A Dynamic Approach to Recognition Memory

10.31219/osf.io/9kzwa ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Gregory Edward Cox ◽

Rich Shiffrin

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Recognition Memory ◽

Response Time ◽

Source Memory ◽

Dynamic Approach ◽

Short Term ◽

Trade Off ◽

The Core ◽

Speed Accuracy ◽

Over Time

We present a dynamic model of memory that integrates the processes of perception, retrieval from knowledge, retrieval of events, and decision making as these evolve from one moment to the next. The core of the model is that recognition depends on tracking changes in familiarity over time from an initial baseline generally determined by context, with these changes depending on the availability of different kinds of information at different times. A mathematical implementation of this model leads to precise, accurate predictions of accuracy, response time, and speed-accuracy trade-off in episodic recognition at the levels of both groups and individuals across a variety of paradigms. Our approach leads to novel insights regarding word frequency, speeded responding, context reinstatement, short-term priming, similarity, source memory, and associative recognition, revealing how the same set of core dynamic principles can help unify otherwise disparate phenomena in the study of memory.

Download Full-text

Letter to the Editor - Evaluation of Four Artificial Intelligence–Assisted Self-Diagnosis Apps on Three Diagnoses: Two-Year Follow-Up Study (Preprint)

10.2196/preprints.26514 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Stephen Gilbert ◽

Matthew Fenech ◽

Anisa Idris ◽

Ewelina Türk

Keyword(s):

Artificial Intelligence ◽

Learning Algorithms ◽

Symptom Assessment ◽

Normal Process ◽

Repeated Testing ◽

Follow Up Study ◽

Clinical Vignettes ◽

Letter To The Editor ◽

Over Time

UNSTRUCTURED We have several comments on the recent publication of [1], in which repeated testing of four symptom assessment applications with clinical vignettes was carried out to look for “hints of ‘non-locked learning algorithms’”. As the developer of one of the symptom assessment applications studied by [1], we are supportive of studies evaluating app performance, however there are important limitations in the methodology of the study. Most importantly, the methodology used in this study is not capable of addressing its main objective. The approach used to look for evidence of non-locked algorithms was the quantification of differences in performance using three ophthalmology vignettes, first in 2018 then in 2020. This methodology, although highly limited due to the use of only three vignettes in one medical specialism, could be used to detect changes in app performance over time. It however cannot be used to distinguish between non-locked algorithms and the manual updating of the apps’ medical intelligence, through the normal process of manual release of updated app versions.

Download Full-text

Nature of the Representation for Picture-Recognition Memory

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1979.49.2.619 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 49 (2) ◽

pp. 619-629 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

R. E. Franken ◽

G. L. Rowland

Keyword(s):

Recognition Memory ◽

Picture Recognition ◽

Picture Memory ◽

Large Numbers ◽

Over Time ◽

Categorization Model

When distracting pictures are randomly selected from the same pool of pictures as the target pictures, performance with large numbers of pictures (1,000) is much poorer than has previously been reported. Further, performance drops quite substantially after 1 wk., a finding that differs from the conclusion that picture memory is relatively stable over time. Under conditions where the distractors were selected to reduce similarity between targets and distracting pictures, performance approximated levels previously reported in the literature. The results of the experiments seem to demand some type of categorization model of picture-recognition memory.

Download Full-text

Changes in picture recognition memory over time using an exclusion set paradigm

Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society ◽

10.3758/bf03333291 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 5 (5) ◽

pp. 433-436 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

J. Elizabeth Bird

Keyword(s):

Recognition Memory ◽

Picture Recognition ◽

Over Time

Download Full-text

When intuition falters: repeated testing accuracy during an epidemic

European Journal of Epidemiology ◽

10.1007/s10654-021-00786-w ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

James A. Hay ◽

Joel Hellewell ◽

Xueting Qiu

Keyword(s):

Impact Test ◽

Infected Individual ◽

Repeated Testing ◽

Testing Strategies ◽

Controversial Topic ◽

Testing Accuracy ◽

Antigen Tests ◽

Lateral Flow Tests ◽

Sensitivity Specificity ◽

Over Time

AbstractWidespread, repeated testing using rapid antigen tests to proactively detect asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections has been a promising yet controversial topic during the COVID-19 pandemic. Concerns have been raised over whether currently authorized lateral flow tests are sufficiently sensitive and specific to detect enough infections to impact transmission whilst minimizing unnecessary isolation of false positives. These concerns have often been illustrated using simple, textbook calculations of positivity rates and positive predictive value assuming fixed values for sensitivity, specificity and prevalence. However, we argue that evaluating repeated testing strategies requires the consideration of three additional factors: new infections continue to arise depending on the incidence rate, isolating positive individuals reduces prevalence in the tested population, and each infected individual is tested multiple times during their infection course. We provide a simple mathematical model with an online interface to illustrate how these three factors impact test positivity rates and the number of isolating individuals over time. These results highlight the potential pitfalls of using inappropriate textbook-style calculations to evaluate statistics arising from repeated testing strategies during an epidemic.

Download Full-text