A toxicological investigation of some acute, short-term, and chronic effects of administering di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and other phthalate esters

This study describes a methodology for evaluating regulatory levels of phthalate contamination. By collecting experimental data on short-term phthalate migration using thermal desorption–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (TD–GC–MS), the migration of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) to polyethylene (PE) was found to be expressed by the Fickian approximation model, which was originally proposed for solid (PVC)/liquid (solvent) migration of phthalates. Consequently, good data correlation was obtained using the Fickian approximation model with a diffusion coefficient of 4.2 × 10−12 cm2/s for solid (PVC)/ solid (PE) migration of DEHP at 25 °C. Results showed that temporary contact with plasticized polymers under a normal, foreseeable condition may not pose an immediate risk of being contaminated by phthalates at regulatory levels. However, as phthalates are small organic molecules designed to be dispersed in a variety of polymers as plasticizers at a high compounding ratio, the risk of migration-related contamination can be high in comparison with other additives, especially under high temperatures. With these considerations in mind, the methodology for examining regulatory levels of phthalate contamination using TD–GC–MS has been successfully demonstrated from the viewpoint of its applicability to solid (PVC)/solid (PE) migration of phthalates.

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Short-term and chronic effects of transdermal nitroglycerin in stable angina pectoris

Drug Development Research ◽

10.1002/ddr.430090306 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 219-224 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Kenneth W. Hunter ◽

Rajat Mahapatra

Keyword(s):

Angina Pectoris ◽

Stable Angina ◽

Stable Angina Pectoris ◽

Short Term ◽

Chronic Effects

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Uptake of Phthalate Esters, Di(n-butyl)phthalate and Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, as Environmental Chemicals in Monkeys in Japan

Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology ◽

10.1007/s001280000057 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 64 (5) ◽

pp. 679-685 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

K. Asaoka

Keyword(s):

Phthalate Esters ◽

Environmental Chemicals ◽

Butyl Phthalate ◽

Ethylhexyl Phthalate

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Comparison of hepatic peroxisome proliferative effect and its implication for hepatocarcinogenicity of phthalate esters, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, and di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate with a hypolipidemic drug.

Environmental Health Perspectives ◽

10.1289/ehp.8665317 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 65 ◽

pp. 317-327 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

J K Reddy ◽

M K Reddy ◽

M I Usman ◽

N D Lalwani ◽

M S Rao

Keyword(s):

Phthalate Esters ◽

Hypolipidemic Drug ◽

Proliferative Effect ◽

Ethylhexyl Phthalate

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The Effect of Final Heating on the Concentration of Phthalic Acid Esters by Sous-Vide Production

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.955.80 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 955 ◽

pp. 80-85 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Marcela Jandlová ◽

Alžbeta Jarošová ◽

Josef Kameník

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Phthalate Esters ◽

Meat Product ◽

Meat Products ◽

Average Concentration ◽

The European Union ◽

Plastic Packaging ◽

Negative Effect ◽

Sous Vide ◽

Ethylhexyl Phthalate

In our research the influence of thermal heating on the release of plasticizers from plastics into the meat product and water was researched. The two most widely used plasticizers, dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), were detected. Both of the plasticizers have a negative effect on the health. And both are regulated by regulation of the European Union. In this study were researched phthalates in products prepared by sous-vide technology and it was studied effect of reheating on migration of phthalates. The average concentrations of both phthalate esters, DBP and DEHP, in heated water decreased. The average concentration of DBP in water before heating was detected 0.82 mg/100 ml and after heating 0.52 mg/100 ml, the average concentration of DEHP in water before heating was established 0.33 mg/100 ml and after heating 0.19 mg/100 ml. In plastic wraps, average DBP concentration with reheating increased and average DEHP concentration with reheating dropped. The average DBP concentration in plastic packaging, heating at 60 °C/12 h was determined of 9.87 mg/dm2 after reheating 60 °C/1 h was detected of 15.40 mg/dm2. The average concentration of DEHP in plastic packaging, heating at 60 °C/12 h was determined of 58.71 mg/dm2 and after reheating 60 °C/1 h was detected of 28.28 mg/dm2. The average DBP concentration in meat products due to reheating decreased, the average DEHP concentration in meat products increased. The average DBP concentration in meat products heating at 60 °C/12 h was detected of 8.39 mg/g dry matter and after reheating of 6.43 mg/g dry matter, the average DEHP concentration heating at 60 °C/12 h was determined of 25.37 mg/g dry matter and after reheating of 65.51 mg/g dry matter..

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Plasticizers as Microplastics Tracers in Tunisian Marine Environment

Frontiers in Marine Science ◽

10.3389/fmars.2020.589398 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

Author(s):

Enrico Gugliandolo ◽

Patrizia Licata ◽

Rosalia Crupi ◽

Ambrogina Albergamo ◽

Amel Jebara ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Food Chain ◽

Sparus Aurata ◽

Plastic Material ◽

Phthalate Esters ◽

Spatiotemporal Trends ◽

Polycyclic Aromatic ◽

Other World ◽

Aquatic Contaminants ◽

Ethylhexyl Phthalate ◽

Acid Esters

The new knowledge on the bio-transformations to which the plastic material is subjected, raise concerns about their role as environmental contaminants. Microplastic have been reported to be responsible for the release and distribution of aquatic contaminants such organophosphorus esters, pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, and phthalate esters. The occurrence, spatiotemporal trends, and ecological risk of phthalic acid esters (PAEs) and non-phthalate plasticizers (NPPs) released from microplastic were investigated in water and fish (Sparus aurata) from five sites along the coast of Mahdia governorate (Tunisia), during April 2018-March 2019. In seawater the most abundant and frequently detected congeners were dibutyl phthalate (DBP, 0.017 mg L–1 and 0.055 mg L–1), diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP, 0.075 mg L–1 and 0.219 mg L–1), di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP, 0.071 mg L–1 and 4.594 mg L–1), and di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHT, 0.634 mg L–1 and 2.424 mg L–1). (ΣPAEs: 1.416 mg L–1 and 5.581 mg L–1; ΣNPPs: 9.191 mg L–1 and 26.296 mg L–1), confirming that such compounds bioconcentrate through the food chain. DBP (0.389 and 0.817 mg L–1), DiBP (0.101 and 0.921 mg L–1), DEHP (0.726 and 1.771 mg L–1) and DEHT (9.191 and 23.251 mg L–1) were predominant also in S. aurata affirming that such compounds bioconcentrate through the food chain. Overall, Tunisian samples i) were much more contaminated than counterparts previously investigated for the same pollutants from other world areas, and ii) revealed NPPs at higher levels than PAEs, confirming that such plasticizers are increasingly replacing conventional PAEs.

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Phthalate Esters and Their Potential Risk in PET Bottled Water Stored under Common Conditions

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17010141 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 141 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Xiangqin Xu ◽

Gang Zhou ◽

Kun Lei ◽

Gerald A. LeBlanc ◽

Lihui An

Keyword(s):

Storage Time ◽

Storage Temperature ◽

Pure Water ◽

Phthalate Esters ◽

Storage Condition ◽

Bottled Water ◽

Pet Bottles ◽

Short Period ◽

Endocrine Disrupting ◽

Ethylhexyl Phthalate

A great deal of attention has been paid lately to release of phthalate esters (PAEs) from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles into PET bottled drinking water due to their potential endocrine-disrupting effects. Three kinds of PAEs, including diethyl phthalate (DEP), dimethyl phthalate (DMP) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP), were detected in 10 popular brands of PET bottles in Beijing, ranging from 101.97 μg/kg to 709.87 μg/kg. Meanwhile, six kinds of PAEs, including DEP, DMP, DBP, n-butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), di-n-octyl phthalate (DOP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), were detected in PET bottled water, ranging from 0.19 μg/L to 0.98 μg/L, under an outdoor storage condition, while their concentrations ranged from 0.18 μg/L to 0.71 μg/L under an indoor storage condition. Furthermore, the concentrations of PAEs in brand D and E bottles were slightly increased when the storage time was prolonged. In addition, the concentrations of PAEs in commercial water contained in brand B and H bottles and pure water contained in brand E and G bottles were also slightly increased with the increase of storage temperature. Interestingly, DBP mainly contributed to the increased PAEs levels in simulation water. These results suggest that a part of the PAEs in PET bottled water originated from plastic bottles, which was related to the storage time and temperature. However, the PAEs in PET bottled water only pose a negligible risk to consumers if they follow the recommendations, such as storage at a common place (24 °C), away from sun and in a short period of time.

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