<p>The Mid-Pleistocene transition (MPT) took place between 1,200 Ma and 800 ka (still debated). During this transition, the Earth&#8217;s orbitally paced ice age cycles intensified, lengthened from &#8764;40 000 (&#8764;40 ky) to &#8764;100 ky, and became distinctly asymmetrical while Earth&#8217;s orbital variations remained unchanged. Although orbital variations constitute the first order forcing on glacial-interglacial oscillations of the late Quaternary, they cannot explain alone the shifts in climatic periodicity and amplitude observed during the MPT. In order to explain the MPT, long-term evolution of internal mechanisms and feedbacks have been called upon, in relation with the global cooling trend initiated during the Cenozoic, the expansion of Antarctic and Greenland Ice Sheet and/or the long-term decline in greenhouse gases (particularly CO2). A key point is therefore to accurately reconstruction of oceanic temperatures to decipher the processes driving climate variations.</p><p>In the present work, we studied the marine sediment core MD96-2048 taken from south Indian Ocean (26*10&#8217;482&#8217;&#8217; S, 34*01&#8217;148&#8217;&#8217; E) in the region of the Agulhas current. We compared 5 paleothermometers: alkenone, TEX86, foraminiferal- transfer function, Mg/Ca and clumped isotope. Among these approaches, carbonate clumped-isotope thermometry (&#8710;<sub>47</sub>) only depends on crystallization temperature, and the &#8710;<sub>47</sub> relationship with planktonic foraminifer calcification temperature is well defined. Since Mg/Ca is not only controlled by temperature but is also affected by salinity and pH. The classical d<sup>18</sup>O in planktic is dependent on SST and d<sup>18</sup>Osw, which is regionally correlated with the salinity in the present-day ocean. Assuming that the present-day d<sup>18</sup>O<sub>sw</sub>-salinity relation was the same during the MPT, we are able to separate changes in d<sup>18</sup>O<sub>sw</sub> from temperature effects and reconstruct past salinity. Combining d<sup>18</sup>O, Mg/Ca and &#8710;<sub>47</sub> on planktonic foraminifera allow in theory to reconstruct SST, SSS and pH.</p><p>Here, we measured d<sup>18</sup>O, Mg/Ca and &#8710;<sub>47</sub> on the shallow-dwelling planktonic species Globigerinioides ruber ss. at the maximal of glacial and interglacial periods over the last 1.2 Ma. Our set of data makes it possible to estimate the long-term evolution of SST, salinity and pH (and thus have an insight into the atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> concentration) across the MPT. Frist, strong differences are observed between the 5 derived-SST: the alkenone and TEX86 recorded the higher temperatures than the other SST proxies. Alkenone derived-SST do not show glacial-interglacial variations within the MPT. The Mg/Ca and transfer function derived-SST show a good agreement each other, while the clumped-isotope derived-SST are systematically colder than the other derived-SST. Then, our &#8710;<sub>47</sub>-SST, salinity and pH results clearly show that amplitude of glacial-interglacial variations was insignificant between 1.2 and 0.8 Ma (within the MPT) and increased after the MPT. Finally, we also discussed the potential to use this unique combination of proxies to reconstruct changes of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> concentration.</p>
Circulation pattern controls of wet days and dry days in Free State, South Africa