Neural mechanisms for the functional coupling of autonomic, endocrine and somatomotor responses in adaptive behavior

1981 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.W. Swanson ◽  
G.J. Mogenson
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Behavior ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Functional Coupling

scholarly journals Mice are not automatons; subjective experience in premotor circuits guides behavior

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Drew C. Schreiner ◽  
Christian Cazares ◽  
Rafael Renteria ◽  
Christina M Gremel
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Adaptive Behavior ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Contextual Factors ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Neural Representation ◽  
Recent Experience ◽  
Checking Behavior ◽  
Corticostriatal Circuits

Subjective experience is a powerful driver of decision-making and continuously accrues. However, most neurobiological studies constrain analyses to task-related variables and ignore how continuously and individually experienced internal, temporal, and contextual factors influence adaptive behavior during decision-making and the associated neural mechanisms. We show mice rely on learned information about recent and longer-term subjective experience of variables above and beyond prior actions and reward, including checking behavior and the passage of time, to guide self-initiated, self-paced, and self-generated actions. These experiential variables were represented in secondary motor cortex (M2) activity and its projections into dorsal medial striatum (DMS). M2 integrated this information to bias strategy-level decision-making, and DMS projections used specific aspects of this recent experience to plan upcoming actions. This suggests diverse aspects of experience drive decision-making and its neural representation, and shows premotor corticostriatal circuits are crucial for using selective aspects of experiential information to guide adaptive behavior.

scholarly journals Oxytocin modulates fMRI responses to facial expression in macaques

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (24) ◽  
pp. E3123-E3130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ning Liu ◽  
Fadila Hadj-Bouziane ◽  
Katherine B. Jones ◽  
Janita N. Turchi ◽  
Bruno B. Averbeck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Behavior ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Inferior Temporal Cortex ◽  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
Functional Coupling ◽  
Social Stimuli ◽  
Placebo Condition ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Way

Increasing evidence has shown that oxytocin (OT), a mammalian hormone, modifies the way social stimuli are perceived and the way they affect behavior. Thus, OT may serve as a treatment for psychiatric disorders, many of which are characterized by dysfunctional social behavior. To explore the neural mechanisms mediating the effects of OT in macaque monkeys, we investigated whether OT would modulate functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) responses in face-responsive regions (faces vs. blank screen) evoked by the perception of various facial expressions (neutral, fearful, aggressive, and appeasing). In the placebo condition, we found significantly increased activation for emotional (mainly fearful and appeasing) faces compared with neutral faces across the face-responsive regions. OT selectively, and differentially, altered fMRI responses to emotional expressions, significantly reducing responses to both fearful and aggressive faces in face-responsive regions while leaving responses to appeasing as well as neutral faces unchanged. We also found that OT administration selectively reduced functional coupling between the amygdala and areas in the occipital and inferior temporal cortex during the viewing of fearful and aggressive faces, but not during the viewing of neutral or appeasing faces. Taken together, our results indicate homologies between monkeys and humans in the neural circuits mediating the effects of OT. Thus, the monkey may be an ideal animal model to explore the development of OT-based pharmacological strategies for treating patients with dysfunctional social behavior.

scholarly journals Identity-specific coding of future rewards in the human orbitofrontal cortex

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (16) ◽  
pp. 5195-5200 ◽  
Author(s):  
James D. Howard ◽  
Jay A. Gottfried ◽  
Philippe N. Tobler ◽  
Thorsten Kahnt
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Classical Conditioning ◽  
Orbitofrontal Cortex ◽  
Piriform Cortex ◽  
Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Functional Coupling ◽  
Appetitive Behavior ◽  
Food Odors ◽  
Expected Outcomes

Nervous systems must encode information about the identity of expected outcomes to make adaptive decisions. However, the neural mechanisms underlying identity-specific value signaling remain poorly understood. By manipulating the value and identity of appetizing food odors in a pattern-based imaging paradigm of human classical conditioning, we were able to identify dissociable predictive representations of identity-specific reward in orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and identity-general reward in ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC). Reward-related functional coupling between OFC and olfactory (piriform) cortex and between vmPFC and amygdala revealed parallel pathways that support identity-specific and -general predictive signaling. The demonstration of identity-specific value representations in OFC highlights a role for this region in model-based behavior and reveals mechanisms by which appetitive behavior can go awry.

scholarly journals Negative Overgeneralization is Associated with Anxiety and Mechanisms of Pattern Completion in Peripubertal Youth

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana L. McMakin ◽  
Adam Kimbler ◽  
Nicholas J. Tustison ◽  
Jeremy W. Pettit ◽  
Aaron T. Mattfeld
Keyword(s):  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Pattern Separation ◽  
Sensitive Period ◽  
False Alarms ◽  
Functional Coupling ◽  
Partial Match ◽  
Critical Lure ◽  
Pattern Completion ◽  
Hippocampal Subfields ◽  
Study Participants

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDThis study examines neural mechanisms of negative overgeneralization in peri-puberty to identify potential contributors to escalating anxiety during this sensitive period. Theories suggest that weak pattern separation (a neurocomputational process by which overlapping representations are made distinct, indexed by DG/CA3 hippocampal subfields) is a major contributor to negative overgeneralization. We alternatively propose that neuromaturation related to generalization and anxiety-related pathology in peri-puberty predicts contributions from strong pattern completion (a partial match of cues reinstates stored representations, indexed by CA1) and related modulatory mechanisms (amygdala, medial prefrontal cortices [mPFC]).METHODSYouth (N=34, 9-14 years) recruited from community and clinic settings participated in an emotional mnemonic similarity task while undergoing MRI. At Study, participants indicated the valence of images; at Test, participants made an ‘old/new’ recognition memory judgment. Critical lure stimuli, that were similar but not the same as images from Study, were presented at Test, and errors (“false alarms”) to negative relative to neutral stimuli reflected negative overgeneralization. Univariate, multivariate, and functional connectivity analyses were performed to evaluate mechanisms of negative overgeneralization.RESULTSNegative overgeneralization was related to greater and more similar patterns of activation in CA1 and both dorsal and ventral mPFC for negative relative to neutral stimuli. At Study, amygdala increased functional coupling with CA1 and dorsal mPFC during negative items that were later generalized.CONCLUSIONSNegative overgeneralization is rooted in amygdala and mPFC modulation at encoding and pattern completion at retrieval. These mechanisms could prove to reflect etiological roots of anxiety that precede symptom escalation across adolescence.

scholarly journals Dorsal hippocampus contributes to model-based planning

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin J. Miller ◽  
Matthew M. Botvinick ◽  
Carlos D. Brody
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Behavior ◽  
Internal Model ◽  
Dorsal Hippocampus ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Behavioral Analysis ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Complex Adaptive ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Brain

AbstractPlanning can be defined as a process of action selection that leverages an internal model of the environment. Such models provide information about the likely outcomes that will follow each selected action, and their use is a key function underlying complex adaptive behavior. However, the neural mechanisms supporting this ability remain poorly understood. In the present work, we adapt for rodents recent advances from work on human planning, presenting for the first time a task for animals which produces many trials of planned behavior per session, allowing the experimental toolkit available for use in trial-by-trial tasks for rodents to be applied to the study of planning. We take advantage of one part of this toolkit to address a perennially controversial issue in planning research: the role of the dorsal hippocampus. Although prospective representations in the hippocampus have been proposed to support model-based planning, intact planning in hippocampally damaged animals has been observed in a number of assays. Combining formal algorithmic behavioral analysis with muscimol inactivation, we provide the first causal evidence directly linking dorsal hippocampus with planning behavior. The results reported, and the methods introduced, open the door to new and more detailed investigations of the neural mechanisms of planning, in the hippocampus and throughout the brain.

scholarly journals Negative Overgeneralization is Associated with Anxiety and Mechanisms of Pattern Completion in Peripubertal Youth

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana L McMakin ◽  
Adam Kimbler ◽  
Nicholas J Tustison ◽  
Jeremy W Pettit ◽  
Aaron T Mattfeld
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Negative Information ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Pattern Separation ◽  
False Alarms ◽  
Functional Coupling ◽  
Critical Lure ◽  
Pattern Completion ◽  
Emotional Responding ◽  
Study Participants

Abstract This study examines neural mechanisms of negative overgeneralization, the increased likelihood of generalizing negative information, in peri-puberty. Theories suggest that weak pattern separation (overlapping representations are made distinct, indexed by DG/CA3 hippocampal subfield activation) underlies negative overgeneralization. We alternatively propose that neuro-maturational changes that favor pattern completion (cues reinstate stored representations, indexed by CA1 activation) are modulated by circuitry involved in emotional responding (amygdala, medial prefrontal cortices [mPFC]) to drive negative overgeneralization. Youth (N=34, 9-14 years) recruited from community and clinic settings participated in an emotional mnemonic similarity task while undergoing MRI. At Study, participants indicated the valence of images; at Test, participants made recognition memory judgments. Critical lure stimuli, that were similar to images at Study, were presented at Test, and errors (“false alarms”) to negative relative to neutral stimuli reflected negative overgeneralization. Negative overgeneralization was related to greater and more similar patterns of activation in CA1 and both dorsal and ventral mPFC for negative relative to neutral stimuli. At Study, amygdala exhibited greater functional coupling with CA1 and dorsal mPFC during negative items that were later generalized. Negative overgeneralization is rooted in amygdala and mPFC modulation at encoding and pattern completion at retrieval.

Social Communication and Structural Language of Girls With High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 1139-1155
Author(s):  
Jenny M. Burton ◽  
Nancy A. Creaghead ◽  
Noah Silbert ◽  
Allison Breit-Smith ◽  
Amie W. Duncan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Adaptive Behavior ◽  
Social Communication ◽  
High Functioning Autism ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales ◽  
High Functioning ◽  
Expressive Communication ◽  
Vineland Adaptive Behavior ◽  
Structural Language

Purpose The purpose of this study was to characterize social communication and structural language of school-age girls with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder (HF-ASD) compared to a matched group of girls who are typically developing (TD). Method Participants were 37 girls between 7;5 and 15;2 (years;months)—18 HF-ASD and 19 TD. Children completed the Test of Pragmatic Language–Second Edition (TOPL-2) and Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals–Fifth Edition. Parents completed the Children's Communication Checklist–2 United States Edition (CCC-2) and Receptive and Expressive Communication subdomains of the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales–Second Edition. Results In the area of social communication, girls with HF-ASD earned significantly lower scores and were more often classified as having an impairment on the TOPL-2 and the CCC-2. However, 28% and 33% earned average scores on the TOPL-2 and the CCC-2, respectively. In the area of structural language, no significant differences were found between groups on Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals–Fifth Edition indexes. In contrast, girls with HF-ASD earned significantly lower scores and were more often classified as having an impairment on the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales–Second Edition. Sixty-one percent and 83% scored below average on the Receptive and Expressive Communication subdomains, respectively. Conclusions It has been argued that girls with HF-ASD, when compared to boys with HF-ASD, may have advantages for social communication and structural language that mask their impairments. However, when compared to girls who are TD, girls with HF-ASD demonstrated impaired social communication and structural language. Clinicians should include and carefully examine multiple sources of information when assessing girls with HF-ASD.

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