Body size variability between people in developed and developing countries and its impact on the use of imported goods

1989 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D.A. Abeysekera ◽  
Houshang Shahnavaz
2021 ◽  
Vol 288 (1963) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobuaki Mizumoto ◽  
Thomas Bourguignon

Termites are social cockroaches. Because non-termite cockroaches are larger than basal termite lineages, which themselves include large termite species, it has been proposed that termites experienced a unidirectional body size reduction since they evolved eusociality. However, the validity of this hypothesis remains untested in a phylogenetic framework. Here, we reconstructed termite body size evolution using head width measurements of 1638 modern and fossil termite species. We found that the unidirectional body size reduction model was only supported by analyses excluding fossil species. Analyses including fossil species suggested that body size diversified along with speciation events and estimated that the size of the common ancestor of modern termites was comparable to that of modern species. Our analyses further revealed that body size variability among species, but not body size reduction, is associated with features attributed to advanced termite societies. Our results suggest that miniaturization took place at the origin of termites, while subsequent complexification of termite societies did not lead to further body size reduction.


2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 856-863
Author(s):  
Richard Jonathan O. Taduran

Purpose of the study: This study aimed to provide an explanation of the perceptions of height by selected Filipino youth and discuss the factors that shape these perceptions. By exploring these factors, this study gives an overview of the extended height affects an individual's experience and aspirations. Methodology: Both quantitative and qualitative surveys were conducted on 300 youth participants (150 males and 150 females), where they rated 30 statements and answered open-ended questions. Quantitative data were analyzed statistically, and qualitative data were arranged into a comprehensive matrix and thematic coding of responses. Main findings: Height mainly symbolizes three components: advantage, capability, and desirability. Participants believe that being tall is an advantage in playing sports, will open up opportunities for work, and can help in doing everyday tasks. Height can also be a key to attracting the opposite sex. The ‘bigger is better’ prejudice appears to extend to a person’s experiences as well—short people’s experiences differ from those of taller people. Benefits brought by tallness is so sought that many exert extra efforts to grow taller. Tall bodies demonstrate a non-economic advantage that gives higher status and sociopolitical distinction in society. Implications: The topic of body size is potent for analyzing culture and power. This study provides evidence on the biases on height perception by the Filipino youth and can be useful in future studies relating to height. Originality/Novelty of the study: There are either limited or no studies concentrating on cultural perceptions of height conducted in developing countries such as the Philippines. Moreover, the height of Filipinos has rarely been reported, and the data that are available tend to be in relatively obscure publications.


2001 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
CM Law ◽  
P Egger ◽  
O Dada ◽  
H Delgado ◽  
E Kylberg ◽  
...  

1989 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reynaldo Martorell

This is a brief discussion of the "small but healthy" hypothesis proposed by David Seckler in the early 1980s. Four basic points are made. First, adults in developing countries have small body sizes largely as a result of poor diets and infection during childhood. Therefore, to acclaim small body sizes as a desirable attribute for populations is also to affirm that its causes are desirable. Second, monitoring the growth of children is widely recognized as an excellent tool for detecting health problems. Growth retardation, rather than an innocuous response to environmental stimuli, is a warning signal of increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Third, the conditions which give rise to stunted children also affect other aspects such as cognitive development. Finally, stunted girls who survive to be short women are at greater risk of delivering growth retarded infants with a greater probability of dying in infancy. For all these reasons, small is not healthy.


2019 ◽  
Vol 187 (4) ◽  
pp. 1119-1130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Zeus Rizo ◽  
Shaolin Xu ◽  
Quehui Tang ◽  
Rey Donne S Papa ◽  
Henri J Dumont ◽  
...  

Abstract Body size is a functional trait that influences the overall biology and ecology of an organism. Studying the shape of size–frequency distributions and size variability within different scales, approximates the influence of large-scale ecological and evolutionary processes on a species. In this study we examine the patterns of distribution and variability of body size among freshwater Cladocera across different taxonomic levels, geographic distribution and habitat association. Using extensive literature data, we show the global distribution of body size in freshwater Cladocera. Hierarchical models were used to assess the effect of different categorical variables on size variability. Our results show that almost all size–frequency distributions were skewed right in all categories. The hierarchical model showed that taxonomic affiliation contributes the most to size variability in our dataset, suggesting that size might be a conserved trait. Large genera (≥1mm) have larger estimated variability compared to smaller genera. In general, our observations on size–frequency distributions and size variability show a brief insight in the varying advantages of adaptive body size in this group of organisms in both biology (physiology) and ecology (competition and co-existence). Thus, body size is a trait important to the survival and continuing evolution of Cladocera.


2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (11) ◽  
pp. 2562-2570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Bonfanti ◽  
Mickaël Hedde ◽  
Sophie Joimel ◽  
Paul Henning Krogh ◽  
Cyrille Violle ◽  
...  

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