The interrelationships of high risk behaviors for incarcerated juveniles at risk for human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] infection

Abstract Background There is limited information about the types of recreational drugs used by men who have sex with men (MSM) in China or the consequent impact on sexual health and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) acquisition. Methods We recruited MSM from seven cities in China between 2012 and 2013 using multiple approaches including advertisements on gay websites, collaborating with local MSM community-based organizations, peer referrals, and venues such as gay bars and bathrooms visited by MSM. We divided participants into four subgroups based on the number of recreational drugs (RDs) used in the previous 6 months. We defined use of multiple RDs as use of ≥2 types of RDs. Demographics and HIV-related high-risk behaviors were collected, and blood samples were tested for recent HIV infection by the HIV-1 subtypes B, E, and D immunoglobulin G capture enzyme immunoassay (BED-CEIA). We used multivariable logistic regression adjusted for sociodemographics to determine the adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and associated 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of the subgroups of RD use for recent or established HIV infection. Results A total of 4496 Chinese MSM participated; 28.4% used RDs, and 5% used multiple types of RDs. The prevalence of each RD use was as follows: poppers (25.9%), ecstasy (2.4%), ketamine (1.2%), amphetamine (0.6%), tramadol (0.4%), methamphetamine (3.8%), and codeine (1.9%). Users of multiple RDs commonly used poppers combined with one or more other types of RDs. Multiple RD users were likely to be aged 26–30 years (vs. 18–25 and > 30 years), live in non-local cities (vs. local cities), never married (vs. married), have a high monthly income (vs. no income and 1–599 USD), use versatile positions during anal intercourse (vs. top or bottom), and have inadequate HIV-related prevention knowledge (vs. adequate). As the number of RDs used in the previous 6 months increased, the prevalence of HIV-related high-risk behaviors increased (P < 0.05 for all). The odds of recent HIV infection were higher among those who used one type (aOR = 2.2, 95% CI: 1.5–3.0) or two types of RD (aOR=2.3, 95% CI: 1.0-5.2) in the previous 6 months compared to the odds among those who did not use RDs. Conclusion The level and pattern of multiple RD use among Chinese MSM were different from high-income countries. MSM who used more RDs are more likely to engage in high-risk sexual behaviors, and these behaviors may be associated with increases in new HIV infections.

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Detection of Clonal T Cell Populations with Closely Related T Cell Receptor Junctional Sequences in Persons at High Risk for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection and in Patients Acutely Infected with HIV

The Journal of Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/infdis/175.2.272 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 175 (2) ◽

pp. 272-282 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

A. Bettinardi ◽

L. Imberti ◽

A. Sottini ◽

E. Quiros-Roldan ◽

M. Puoti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

T Cell ◽

High Risk ◽

Hiv Infection ◽

T Cell Receptor ◽

Cell Receptor ◽

Cell Populations ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus

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Situational and Sociodemographic Characteristics of Children Infected With Human Immunodeficiency Virus From Pediatric Sexual Abuse

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.91.1.39 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 91 (1) ◽

pp. 39-44

Author(s):

George A. Gellert ◽

Michael J. Durfee ◽

Carol D. Berkowitz ◽

Kathleen V. Higgins ◽

Vincent C. Tubiolo

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Sexual Abuse ◽

High Risk ◽

Hiv Infection ◽

Sociodemographic Characteristics ◽

Antibody Testing ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Hiv Antibody Testing ◽

Hiv Seropositive

This study assessed the situational and sociodemographic characteristics of children infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from pediatric sexual abuse. A letter of inquiry was sent to 2147 professionals across health and social service disciplines involved with child abuse assessment, treatment, and prevention. Respondents working in programs where HIV antibody testing of abuse victims occurs and who had identified HIV infection in one or more abused children were sent a survey to assess the demographics of victims, the family/living situation where abuse occurred, alternative risks for HIV infection, bases for diagnosis of sexual abuse and for HIV antibody testing, and profiles of the perpetrator and type of abuse. Of 5622 estimated HIV antibody tests conducted during 113 198 sex abuse assessments, 28 children were infected with HIV and lacked any alternative transmission route to that of sexual abuse. A total of 41 HIV-infected children with a history of sexual abuse were identified. Thirteen cases had alternative risk factors and were excluded from analysis. Sixty-four percent of the 28 victims with sexual abuse as the sole risk factor were female and 71% were African-American. The mean age was 9 years. Coinfection with another sexually transmitted disease (STD) occurred in 9 (33%) cases. Sexual abuse was diagnosed on the basis of a victim disclosure in 21 (75%) cases. The basis for HIV antibody testing was physical findings suggestive of HIV infection in 9 (32%) cases, HIV-seropositive or high-risk perpetrator in 6 (21%) and 2 (7%) cases, respectively, and the presence of another STD in the victim in 4 (14%) cases. Perpetrators were a child's parent in 10 (42%) cases and another relative in 6 (25%) cases. Perpetrators had behavioral risk factors for or signs/symptoms of HIV infection in 14 (58%) cases. The serostatus of perpetrators was known at time of abuse assessment in 16 (67%) cases and all were seropositive. Duration and form of abusive acts were variable, with 3 victims reporting a single episode and 13 (68%) reporting 6 or more episodes. Penile vaginal and/or rectal penetration was reported in only 50% of cases. It is concluded that sexual abuse must be considered as a potential, although infrequent, mode of transmission of HIV infection in children. Children who have been abused should be evaluated selectively for HIV infection particularly if the perpetrator is known to be HIV seropositive or engages in HIV high-risk behavior, if abuse occurred in a geographic area of high disease prevalence, and if the child has symptoms of HIV infection or another STD. Children who are found to be HIV infected and lack risk factors such as prior transfusion or maternal (perinatal) infection should be assessed for pediatric sexual abuse.

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Cervicovaginal Levels of Lactoferrin, Secretory Leukocyte Protease Inhibitor, and RANTES and the Effects of Coexisting Vaginoses in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Seronegative Women with a High Risk of Heterosexual Acquisition of HIV Infection

Clinical and Vaccine Immunology ◽

10.1128/cvi.00386-06 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 14 (9) ◽

pp. 1102-1107 ◽

Cited By ~ 62

Author(s):

Richard M. Novak ◽

Betty A. Donoval ◽

Parrie J. Graham ◽

Lucy A. Boksa ◽

Gregory Spear ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

High Risk ◽

Hiv Infection ◽

Protease Inhibitor ◽

Genital Tract ◽

Secretory Leukocyte Protease Inhibitor ◽

Low Risk ◽

High Risk Women ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus

ABSTRACT Innate immune factors in mucosal secretions may influence human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transmission. This study examined the levels of three such factors, genital tract lactoferrin [Lf], secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor [SLPI], and RANTES, in women at risk for acquiring HIV infection, as well as cofactors that may be associated with their presence. Women at high risk for HIV infection meeting established criteria (n = 62) and low-risk controls (n = 33) underwent cervicovaginal lavage (CVL), and the CVL fluid samples were assayed for Lf and SLPI. Subsets of 26 and 10 samples, respectively, were assayed for RANTES. Coexisting sexually transmitted infections and vaginoses were also assessed, and detailed behavioral information was collected. Lf levels were higher in high-risk (mean, 204 ng/ml) versus low-risk (mean, 160 ng/ml, P = 0.007) women, but SLPI levels did not differ, and RANTES levels were higher in only the highest-risk subset. Lf was positively associated only with the presence of leukocytes in the CVL fluid (P < 0.0001). SLPI levels were lower in women with bacterial vaginosis [BV] than in those without BV (P = 0.04). Treatment of BV reduced RANTES levels (P = 0.05). The influence, if any, of these three cofactors on HIV transmission in women cannot be determined from this study. The higher Lf concentrations observed in high-risk women were strongly associated with the presence of leukocytes, suggesting a leukocyte source and consistent with greater genital tract inflammation in the high-risk group. Reduced SLPI levels during BV infection are consistent with an increased risk of HIV infection, which has been associated with BV. However, the increased RANTES levels in a higher-risk subset of high-risk women were reduced after BV treatment.

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Late diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus infections in high-risk groups in Karachi, Pakistan

International Journal of STD & AIDS ◽

10.1177/0956462418785264 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 29 (14) ◽

pp. 1400-1406

Author(s):

Zahra Hasan ◽

Sharaf Shah ◽

Rumina Hasan ◽

Shoaib Rao ◽

Manzoor Ahmed ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

High Risk ◽

Early Diagnosis ◽

Hiv Infection ◽

Hiv Infections ◽

Risk Groups ◽

Newly Diagnosed ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Hiv 1

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection prevalence in Pakistan has been increasing in high-risk groups, including people who inject drugs (PWID) and transgender hijra sex workers (TG-HSWs) nationwide. Effective control of HIV requires early diagnosis of the infection. We investigated recency of HIV infections in newly-diagnosed cases in PWID and TG-HSWs. This was an observational study with convenience sampling. Overall, 210 HIV-positive subjects comprising an equal number of PWID and TG-HSWs were included. Antibody avidity was tested using the Maxim HIV-1 Limiting Antigen Avidity (LAg) EIA (Maxim Biomedical, Inc. Rockville, Maryland, USA). The mean age of study subjects was 29.5 years: PWID, 28.5 years and TG-HSWs, 30.4 years. Study subjects were married, 27%, or unmarried. Eighteen percent of individuals had recently-acquired HIV infections: 19% of PWID and 17% of TG-HSWs. Eighty-two percent of individuals had long-term HIV infections: 81% of PWID and 83% of TG-HSWs. This is the first study identification of recent HIV-1 infections in Pakistan. We show that most newly-diagnosed HIV patients in the high-risk groups studied had long-term infections. There is an urgent need for intervention in these groups to facilitate early diagnosis and treatment of HIV infection to reduce transmission in Pakistan.

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