Cronobacter Species (formerly Enterobacter sakazakii)

ABSTRACT Cronobacter species (formerly Enterobacter sakazakii) are emerging opportunistic bacterial pathogens that can infect both infants and adults. This study was conducted to isolate and genotype diverse Cronobacter species from drinking water, chilled fresh pork, powdered infant formula, instant noodles, cookies, fruits, vegetables, and dishes in Northeast China and to evaluate the antibiotic resistance and susceptibility of the isolates. Thirty-four Cronobacter strains were isolated and identified: 21 C. sakazakii isolates (61.8%), 10 C. malonaticus isolates (29.4%), 2 C. dublinensis isolates (5.9%), and 1 C. turicensis isolate (2.9%). These isolates were further divided into 15 sequence types (STs) by multilocus sequence typing. C. sakazakii ST4 (10 isolates, 29.4%), ST1 (3 isolates, 8.8%), and ST8 (3 isolates, 8.8%) and C. malonaticus ST7 (four isolates, 11.8%) were dominant. Antibiotic susceptibility testing indicated that all 34 Cronobacter isolates were susceptible to ampicillin-sulbactam, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, meropenem, tetracycline, piperacillin-tazobactam, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 88.2% were susceptible to chloramphenicol, and 67.6% were resistant to cephalothin. The results of this study enhance knowledge about genotyping and antibiotic resistance of these Cronobacter species and could be used to prevent potential hazards caused by these strains in drinking water and various food products.

Download Full-text

Detection of OMPA gene of Enterobacter sakazakii from dried milk sample in Iraq

10.36295/asro.2020.23222 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 23 (02) ◽

pp. 155-165

Author(s):

Mohammed Mosa Jaafar ◽

Salwa Khudadad Kalid ◽

Mustafa Hasan Zaine khetam ◽

Habeeb Rasooll

Keyword(s):

Milk Sample ◽

Enterobacter Sakazakii ◽

Ompa Gene

Download Full-text

INCIDENCE, BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE OF Enterobacter sakazakii ISOLATED FROM MILK AND DAIRY PRODUCTS

Journal of Food and Dairy Sciences ◽

10.21608/jfds.2009.113677 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 34 (5) ◽

pp. 4685-4694

Author(s):

W. M. El-Sharoud ◽

M. M. Zien El-Din ◽

Dina M. E. Abo Ziada

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Dairy Products ◽

Enterobacter Sakazakii ◽

Biochemical Characteristics ◽

Milk And Dairy Products

Download Full-text

Biotipe Isolat Lokal Enterobacter sakazakii

Jurnal IPTEKS Terapan ◽

10.22216/jit.2016.10.1.429 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 29-38

Author(s):

Iza Saufani

Keyword(s):

Enterobacter Sakazakii

Download Full-text

Microbiological Examination of Vegetable Seed Sprouts in Korea

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-72.4.856 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 72 (4) ◽

pp. 856-859 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

HOIKYUNG KIM ◽

YOUNGJUN LEE ◽

LARRY R. BEUCHAT ◽

BONG-JUNE YOON ◽

JEE-HOON RYU

Keyword(s):

Microbiological Quality ◽

Aerobic Bacteria ◽

Escherichia Coli O157 ◽

Enterobacter Sakazakii ◽

Department Stores ◽

E Coli ◽

Traditional Markets ◽

Radish Sprouts ◽

Online Stores

Sprouted vegetable seeds used as food have been implicated as sources of outbreaks of Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections. We profiled the microbiological quality of sprouts and seeds sold at retail shops in Seoul, Korea. Ninety samples of radish sprouts and mixed sprouts purchased at department stores, supermarkets, and traditional markets and 96 samples of radish, alfalfa, and turnip seeds purchased from online stores were analyzed to determine the number of total aerobic bacteria (TAB) and molds or yeasts (MY) and the incidence of Salmonella, E. coli O157:H7, and Enterobacter sakazakii. Significantly higher numbers of TAB (7.52 log CFU/g) and MY (7.36 log CFU/g) were present on mixed sprouts than on radish sprouts (6.97 and 6.50 CFU/g, respectively). Populations of TAB and MY on the sprouts were not significantly affected by location of purchase. Radish seeds contained TAB and MY populations of 4.08 and 2.42 log CFU/g, respectively, whereas populations of TAB were only 2.54 to 2.84 log CFU/g and populations of MY were 0.82 to 1.69 log CFU/g on alfalfa and turnip seeds, respectively. Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7 were not detected on any of the sprout and seed samples tested. E. sakazakii was not found on seeds, but 13.3% of the mixed sprout samples contained this potentially pathogenic bacterium.

Download Full-text

Comparative genomics reveals environmental adaptation differences between Cronobacter species

Food Research International ◽

10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110541 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 110541

Author(s):

Xue Qin ◽

Hao Wang ◽

Chao Miao ◽

Xinyan Yang ◽

Yanming Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Comparative Genomics ◽

Environmental Adaptation ◽

Cronobacter Species

Download Full-text

Enterobacter sakazakii in Dried Infant Formulas and Milk Kitchens of Maternity Wards in São Paulo, Brazil

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-72.1.37 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 72 (1) ◽

pp. 37-42 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

GABRIELA PALCICH ◽

CINTIA de MORAES GILLIO ◽

LINA CASALE ARAGON-ALEGRO ◽

FRANCO J. PAGOTTO ◽

JEFFREY M. FARBER ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Intensive Care Unit ◽

Intensive Care ◽

Neonatal Intensive Care Unit ◽

Infant Formula ◽

Neonatal Intensive Care ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Sao Paulo ◽

Powdered Infant Formula ◽

São Paulo ◽

Enterobacter Sakazakii

This study was the first conducted in Brazil to evaluate the presence of Enterobacter sakazakii in milk-based powdered infant formula manufactured for infants 0 to 6 months of age and to examine the conditions of formula preparation and service in three hospitals in São Paulo State, Brazil. Samples of dried and rehydrated infant formula, environments of milk kitchens, water, bottles and nipples, utensils, and hands of personnel were analyzed, and E. sakazakii and Enterobacteriaceae populations were determined. All samples of powdered infant formula purchased at retail contained E. sakazakii at <0.03 most probable number (MPN)/100 g. In hospital samples, E. sakazakii was found in one unopened formula can (0.3 MPN/100 g) and in the residue from one nursing bottle from hospital A. All other cans of formula from the same lot bought at a retail store contained E. sakazakii at <0.03 MPN/100 g. The pathogen also was found in one cleaning sponge from hospital B. Enterobacteriaceae populations ranged from 101 to 105 CFU/g in cleaning aids and <5 CFU/g in all formula types (dry or rehydrated), except for the sample that contained E. sakazakii, which also was contaminated with Enterobacteriaceae at 5 CFU/g. E. sakazakii isolates were not genetically related. In an experiment in which rehydrated formula was used as the growth medium, the temperature was that of the neonatal intensive care unit (25°C), and the incubation time was the average time that formula is left at room temperature while feeding the babies (up to 4 h), a 2-log increase in levels of E. sakazakii was found in the formula. Visual inspection of the facilities revealed that the hygienic conditions in the milk kitchens needed improvement. The length of time that formula is left at room temperature in the different hospitals while the babies in the neonatal intensive care unit are being fed (up to 4 h) may allow for the multiplication of E. sakazakii and thus may lead to an increased health risk for infants.

Download Full-text