Gender and socioeconomic differences in modifiable risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease and other types of dementia throughout the life course

2021 ◽  
pp. 333-360
Author(s):  
Stefania Ilinca ◽  
Elina Suzuki
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Life Course ◽  
Modifiable Risk Factors ◽  
Socioeconomic Differences ◽  
The Life Course

scholarly journals The Epidemiology of Alzheimer’s Disease Modifiable Risk Factors and Prevention

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
X.-X. Zhang ◽  
Y. Tian ◽  
Z.-T. Wang ◽  
Y.-H. Ma ◽  
L. Tan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Disease Onset ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Modifiable Risk Factors ◽  
Demographic Ageing ◽  
Daily Life Activities ◽  
The Life Course

Mild Alzheimer’s disease is the leading cause of dementia, accounting for 50-70% of cases. Alzheimer’s disease is an irreversible neurodegenerative disease, which affects daily life activities and social functioning. As life expectancy increases and demographic ageing occurs, the global prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease is expected to continue to rise especially in developing countries, leading to a costly burden of disease. Alzheimer’s disease is a complex and multifactorial disorder that is determined by the interaction of genetic susceptibility and environmental factors across the life course. Epidemiological studies have identified potential modifiable risk and protective factors for Alzheimer’s disease prevention. Moreover, Alzheimer’s disease is considered to start decades earlier before clinical symptoms occur, thus interventions targeting several risk factors in non-demented elderly people even middle-aged population might prevent or delay Alzheimer’s disease onset. Here, we provide an overview of current epidemiological advances related to Alzheimer’s disease modifiable risk factors, highlighting the concept of early prevention.

scholarly journals Potentially Modifiable Risk Factors in the Development of Alzheimer’s Disease

US Neurology ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 05 (02) ◽  
pp. 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Forstmeier ◽  
Andreas Maercker ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Emotional Health ◽  
Social Activity ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Vascular Risk Factors ◽  
Modifiable Risk Factors ◽  
Vascular Risk

This article summarises empirical findings on major potentially modifiable risk factors in the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), drawing on data from longitudinal epidemiological studies on the incidence of AD or any-cause dementia. Risk factors investigated to date include cognitive ability, motivational ability, emotional health, physical activity, social activity and social network, vascular risk factors and nutrition. The authors find most empirical support for two main clusters of risk factors that also represent potential targets for prevention. First, an active and stimulating lifestyle including cognitive, social, and physical activities reduces the risk of AD. Second, the absence of vascular risk factors such as diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterol and obesity reduces the risk of AD. More prevention trials are warranted to investigate the preventative effects of an active and stimulating lifestyle on the one hand, and vascular health on the other, in delaying the onset of AD or slowing its progression.

scholarly journals Role of nurses in addressing modifiable risk factors for early Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (8) ◽  
pp. 460-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Hope
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Modifiable Risk Factors ◽  
Early Alzheimer’S Disease

A multidisciplinary advisory group of health professionals involved in dementia care assessed the current evidence base regarding modifiable risk factors (MRFs) for early Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment. Based on evidence from the published literature and clinical experience, MRFs in four areas were identified where there is evidence to support interventions that may help delay cognitive decline or reduce the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease: medical (eg cardiovascular risk factors), psychosocial (eg depression, anxiety, social isolation), lifestyle (eg lack of physical activity, smoking) and nutrition (eg poor diet, lack of micronutrients). Practical guidance on how health professionals, but in particular nurses, may actively seek to address these MRFs in clinical practice was also developed. Nurses are at the forefront of patient care and, as such, are ideally placed to offer advice to patients that may proactively help mitigate the risks of cognitive decline and the development of Alzheimer's disease.

S35INVESTIGATING THE ROLE OF MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS ON THE CAUSAL PATHWAY TO ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. S132
Author(s):  
Jodie Lord ◽  
Rebecca Green ◽  
Christopher Hübel ◽  
Marcus Richards ◽  
Pak Sham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Modifiable Risk Factors ◽  
Causal Pathway

Modifiable risk factors of Alzheimer's disease and neuroinflammation: what are the links?

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 237-244
Author(s):  
Ekta Bajwa ◽  
Caitlin B Pointer ◽  
Andis Klegeris
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Modifiable Risk Factors

scholarly journals A Systems Dynamic Approach to Alzheimer’s Disease Prevention

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nasim S. Sabounchi
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
System Dynamics ◽  
Simulation Model ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Prevention Strategies ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Life Course

ABSTRACT ObjectivesAs estimated there are about 5.3 million who suffer from Alzheimer’s disease in United States. The incidence is increasing as the population is aging. Due to the increasing trend of Alzheimer’s disease, there is a lot of discussion on prevention efforts or slowing the incidence. Also, models that could predict individual risk of cognitive impairment are needed to assist in prevention efforts.  In general dementia development has been associated with growth in various vascular, lifestyle and other risk factors. Epidemiological research provides evidence of some vascular, lifestyle and psychological risk factors that are modifiable and protective of disease incidence either independently or while interacting with other factors. However, as reported by National Institute of Aging, it is not yet clear whether health or lifestyle factors can prevent Alzheimer’s disease. The objective of this research project is to adopt a system dynamics modeling approach to study the interaction of several key factors including vascular, lifestyle and psychological aspects over the life course of individuals, to gain further understanding of Alzheimer’s disease incidence and evaluate prevention strategies. Both datasets of ‘Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI)’ and ‘Health and Retirement Study (HRS)’ will be used for model development and validation. ApproachA system dynamics approach is an optimal choice for addressing the goal of this proposal because different key factors interact over time and make Alzheimer’s disease incidence a complex problem. Furthermore, system dynamics approaches focus on understanding the relationship between the structure of a system and the resulting dynamic behaviors generated through multiple interacting feedback loops. Such an approach could be invaluable in studying dynamic problems arising in complex health, social, economic, or ecological systems. ResultsFor the purpose of the proposal, the following stages are planned:1. Develop a system dynamics simulation model at individual level that predicts the Alzheimer’s disease incidence over the life course, and aggregates individual level models to predict population level trends 2. Calibrate the resulting simulation model based upon longitudinal data trends employed from Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database. Both cohorts with Alzheimer’s disease and control subjects from this database will be used to fine-tune the simulation model. ConclusionThe final validated model would be used to test different hypotheses and evaluate various strategies and/or their combinations to help evaluate the efficacy of prevention strategies on Alzheimer’s disease incidence and its growth.

scholarly journals Evaluation of APOE Genotype and Vascular Risk Factors As Prognostic and Risk Factors for Alzheimer’s Disease and Their Influence On Age of Symptoms Onset

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 516-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriela Novotni ◽  
Milena Jakimovska ◽  
Dijana Plaseska-Karanfilska ◽  
Nikolina Tanovska ◽  
Igor Kuzmanovski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Disease Onset ◽  
Vascular Risk Factors ◽  
Modifiable Risk Factors ◽  
Vascular Risk ◽  
Awareness Campaigns

BACKGROUND: Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia, is evolving to become a threatening epidemy of the 21st century. Only 21% of the predicted number of AD patients in Macedonia have been diagnosed and treated, which means that almost 80% are underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed. Apolipoprotein E gene (APOE) is recognised as the strongest genetic risk factor for sporadic AD. Whether and when Alzheimer’s disease develops, depends on the very complex interaction between genetic and modifiable risk factors. It has been known that vascular factors like hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia and obesity increase the risk of developing both AD, vascular dementia and mixed AD and vascular pathology AIM: This study aims to evaluate the influence of APOEε4 allele presence and modifiable vascular risk factors (hypertension, diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia) as prognostic and risk factors for AD and their influence on the age of onset of AD symptoms among 144 AD patients from Macedonia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Study group of a total of 144 patients diagnosed with AD was evaluated. APOE genotyping was performed using APOE haplotype-specific sequence specific-primer (SSP)-PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) methodology. The non-standardized questionnaire was used to obtain information about demographics, lifestyle and modifiable risk factors that could influence disease onset and phenotype. RESULTS: Statistically significant association was found between the presences of APOEε4 allele in AD group versus controls. The presence of APOEε4 allele increases the risk of developing AD in a 3-fold manner. The average age of disease onset in the ε4 carrier group was 67.2 ± 8.3 and in the ε4 non-carrier group 69.7 ± 9.4. This confirms that the presence of APOEε4 allele shifts towards earlier disease onset, though the difference is not statistically significant. Out of the vascular risk factors, only hypertension was significantly associated with earlier AD onset. Out of total 144 patients, in 22.9% the first symptom onset was before the age of 65, that can be considered as early onset Alzheimer’s Disease (EOAD), which is much higher than 5% for EOAD as most of the studies report. CONCLUSIONS: The average age of disease onset of 68.4 years could be considered earlier than the average age of AD onset worldwide. Out of all the vascular risk factors analysed in this study, only hypertension and dyslipidemia were found to significantly increase the risk for developing AD and only the presence of hypertension influences the age of onset, shifting towards earlier disease onset. Public awareness campaigns should be organised to influence general population knowledge about Alzheimer’s disease, early recognition and the influence of modifiable vascular risk factors.

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