Geneses of microbialites and, more precisely, lithification of microbial mats have been studied in different settings to improve the recognition of biogenicity in the fossil record. Living microbial mats and fossil microbialites associated with older paleoshorelines have been studied in the continental Maquinchao Basin in southernmost South America. Here, we investigate carbonate crusts from a former pond where active mineralizing microbial mats have been previously studied. Petrographic observations revealed the presence of abundant erect and nonerect microfilaments and molds with diameters varying from 6 to 8 micrometers. Additionally, smaller pores and organic matter (OM) remains have been identified in areas containing less filaments and being dominated by carbonate. A Mg, Al and Si-rich phase has also been identified in the carbonate matrix associated with the dominant micritic calcite. Moreover, mineralized sheaths contain mixed carbonate (calcite) with Mg, Al and Si, where the latter elements are associated with authigenic clays. The presence of mineralized sheaths further attests to biologically induced processes during the uptake of CO2 by photosynthetic microorganisms. Additionally, the high density of the micritic phase supports the subsequent mineralization by nonphotosynthetic microorganisms and/or physicochemical processes, such as evaporation. Since the micritic filament microstructure of these recent crusts is very similar to that observed in fossil microbialites, they can be used to bridge the gap between living mats and fossil buildups.
PALAEOCLIMATIC EVOLUTION IN LOUTRA ARIDEAS CAVE (ALMOPIA SPELEOPARK, MACEDONIA, N. GREECE) BY STABLE ISOTOPIC ANALYSIS OF FOSSIL BEAR BONES AND TEETH
