Unit operations: blending

Advanced process control technology can provide sugar processors the ability to realize major revenue enhancements and/or operating cost reductions with low initial investment. One technology in particular, model predictive control (MPC), holds the potential to increase production, reduce energy costs, and reduce quality variability in a wide variety of major sugar unit operations. These include centrifugal stations, pulp dryers, extractors, diffusers, mills, evaporating crystallizers, juice purification, and more. Simple payback periods as low as two months are projected. As a PC-based add-on to existing distributed control systems (DCS) or programmable logic controller (PLC) systems, MPC acts as a multi-input, multi-output controller, utilizing predictive process response models and optimization functions to control complex processes to their optimum cost and quality constraints.

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UNIT OPERATIONS SECTION QUARTERLY PROGRESS REPORT, JANUARY--MARCH 1968.

10.2172/4743193 ◽

1969 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M. E. Whatley ◽

P. A. Haas ◽

L. E. McNeese ◽

A. D. Ryon ◽

C. D. Watson

Keyword(s):

Progress Report ◽

Unit Operations

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Bioseparations Science and Engineering

10.1093/oso/9780195391817.001.0001 ◽

2015 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Roger G. Harrison ◽

Paul W. Todd ◽

Scott R. Rudge ◽

Demetri P. Petrides

Keyword(s):

Process Design ◽

Qualitative Description ◽

Engineering Practice ◽

Unit Operation ◽

Science And Engineering ◽

Scientific Application ◽

General Application ◽

Unit Operations ◽

Analysis Computer ◽

Consistent Method

Designed for undergraduates, graduate students, and industry practitioners, Bioseparations Science and Engineering fills a critical need in the field of bioseparations. Current, comprehensive, and concise, it covers bioseparations unit operations in unprecedented depth. In each of the chapters, the authors use a consistent method of explaining unit operations, starting with a qualitative description noting the significance and general application of the unit operation. They then illustrate the scientific application of the operation, develop the required mathematical theory, and finally, describe the applications of the theory in engineering practice, with an emphasis on design and scaleup. Unique to this text is a chapter dedicated to bioseparations process design and economics, in which a process simular, SuperPro Designer® is used to analyze and evaluate the production of three important biological products. New to this second edition are updated discussions of moment analysis, computer simulation, membrane chromatography, and evaporation, among others, as well as revised problem sets. Unique features include basic information about bioproducts and engineering analysis and a chapter with bioseparations laboratory exercises. Bioseparations Science and Engineering is ideal for students and professionals working in or studying bioseparations, and is the premier text in the field.

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Protein Purification Techniques

10.1093/oso/9780199636747.001.0001 ◽

2001 ◽

Keyword(s):

Cell Culture ◽

Protein Purification ◽

Mammalian Cell Culture ◽

Scale Up ◽

Analytical Techniques ◽

Structure And Function ◽

Unit Operations ◽

Practical Guidelines ◽

P Proteins ◽

And Function

Proteins are an integral part of molecular and cellular structure and function and are probably the most purified type of biological molecule. In order to elucidate the structure and function of any protein it is first necessary to purify it. Protein purification techniques have evolved over the past ten years with improvements in equipment control, automation, and separation materials, and the introduction of new techniques such as affinity membranes and expanded beds. These developments have reduced the workload involved in protein purification, but there is still a need to consider how unit operations linked together to form a purification strategy, which can be scaled up if necessary. The two Practical Approach books on protein purification have therefore been thoroughly updated and rewritten where necessary. The core of both books is the provision of detailed practical guidelines aimed particularly at laboratory scale purification. Information on scale-up considerations is given where appropriate. The books are not comprehensive but do cover the major laboratory techniques and common sources of protein. Protein Purification Techniques focuses on unit operations and analytical techniques. It starts with an overview of purification strategy and then covers initial extraction and clarification techniques. The rest of the book concentrates on different purification methods with the emphasis being on chromatography. The final chapter considers general scale-up considerations. Protein Purification Applications describes purification strategies from common sources: mammalian cell culture, microbial cell culture, milk, animal tissue, and plant tissue. It also includes chapters on purification of inclusion bodies, fusion proteins, and purification for crystallography. A purification strategy that can produce a highly pure single protein from a crude mixture of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and cell debris to is a work of art to be admired. These books (available individually or as a set)are designed to give the laboratory worker the information needed to undertake the challenge of designing such a strategy.

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A novel technique for residence time distribution (RTD) measurements in solids unit operations

Advanced Powder Technology ◽

10.1016/j.apt.2021.01.006 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 32 (2) ◽

pp. 611-618

Author(s):

Atena Dehghani Kiadehi ◽

Mikel Leturia ◽

Franco Otaola ◽

Aissa Ould-Dris ◽

Khashayar Saleh

Keyword(s):

Residence Time ◽

Time Distribution ◽

Residence Time Distribution ◽

Novel Technique ◽

Unit Operations

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Probing the Effect of Water Recycling on Flotation through Anion Spiking Using a Low-Grade Cu–Ni–PGM Ore: The Effect of NO3−, SO42− and S2O32−

Minerals ◽

10.3390/min11040340 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 340

Author(s):

Mathew Dzingai ◽

Malibongwe S. Manono ◽

Kirsten C. Corin

Keyword(s):

Water Chemistry ◽

Froth Flotation ◽

Water Source ◽

Threshold Concentration ◽

Process Water ◽

Low Grade ◽

Unit Operations ◽

Flotation Performance ◽

Anion Distribution ◽

Nickel Grade

Water scarcity necessitates the recycling of process water within mineral processing practices. This may however come with its disadvantages for unit operations such as froth flotation as this process is water intensive and sensitive to water chemistry. It is therefore important to monitor the water chemistry of the recycle stream of process water and any other water source to flotation. Monitoring the concentrations of the anions in recycled process water is therefore important to consider as these are speculated to impact flotation performance. Batch flotation tests were conducted using synthetically prepared plant water (3 SPW) with a TDS of 3069 mg/L as the baseline experiment. 3 SPW contained 528 mg/LNO3− and 720 mg/L SO42−, other anions and cations, and no S2O32−. Upon spiking 3 SPW with selected anions, viz, NO3−, SO42− and S2O32−, it was noted that NO3− and SO42− exhibited threshold concentrations while S2O32− did not show a threshold concentration for both copper and nickel grade. Spiking 3 SPW with 352 mg/L more of NO3− to a total 880 mg/L NO3− concentration resulted in the highest copper and nickel grade compared to 3 SPW while increasing the S2O32− from 60 to 78 mg/L increased nickel and copper grade. 720 to 1200 mg/L SO42− and 528 to 880 mg/L NO3− were deemed the concentration boundaries within which lies the threshold concentration above which flotation performance declines with respect to metal grades, while for S2O32− the threshold concentration lies outside the range considered for this study. Anion distribution between the pulp and the froth did not seem to impact the recovery of copper or nickel. Notably, the correlation between the concentrate grades and anion distribution between the froth and the pulp seemed to be ion dependent.

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An Integrated Approach for the Valorization of Cheese Whey

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10030564 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 564

Author(s):

Francisco J. Barba

Keyword(s):

Cheese Whey ◽

Integrated Approach ◽

Complete Recovery ◽

Microbial Load ◽

Processing Technologies ◽

Whole Process ◽

Unit Operations ◽

Safe Product ◽

Development Goals ◽

Cheese Production

Taking into account the large amount of whey that is produced during the cheese production process and the constant demand by society for more sustainable processes, in accordance with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the circular economy concept, it is necessary to adapt two-unit operations into a single process, allowing us to not only valorize a part of the whey but the whole process, which is known as bioprocess integration. In this sense, the adaptation of different processes, for example, physicochemical (micro, ultra and nanofiltration) and fermentation, that are commonly used to obtain proteins, lactose and other compounds with different activities (antioxidant, antifungal, etc.) could be integrated to achieve a complete recovery of the cheese whey. Likewise, keeping in mind that one of the main drawbacks of cheese whey is the great microbial load, some innovative processing technologies, such as high hydrostatic pressures, electrotechnologies and ultrasound, can allow both the development of new foods from whey as well as the improvement of the nutritional and organoleptic properties of the final products prepared with cheese, and thus reducing the microbial load and obtaining a safe product could be incorporated in the cheese whey valorization process.

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Comparative environmental impact evaluation using life cycle assessment approach: a case study of integrated membrane-filtration system for the treatment of aerobically-digested palm oil mill effluent

Sustainable Environment Research ◽

10.1186/s42834-021-00089-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 31 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Yeit Haan Teow ◽

Meng Teck Chong ◽

Kah Chun Ho ◽

Abdul Wahab Mohammad

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Life Cycle ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Membrane Filtration ◽

Electricity Consumption ◽

Sand Filters ◽

Unit Operations ◽

Filtration System ◽

Pre Treatment ◽

Aerobically Digested

AbstractAiming to mitigate wastewater pollution arising from the palm oil industry, this university-industry research-and-development project focused on the integration of serial treatment processes, including the use of moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR), pre-treatment with sand filters and activated carbon filters, and membrane technology for aerobically-digested palm oil mill effluent (POME) treatment. To assess the potential of this sustainable alternative practice in the industry, the developed technology was demonstrated in a pilot-scale facility: four combinations (Combinations I to IV) of unit operations were developed in an integrated membrane-filtration system. Combination I includes a MBBR, pre-treatment unit comprising sand filters and activated carbon filters, ultrafiltration (UF) membrane, and reverse osmosis (RO) membrane, while Combination II excludes MBBR, Combination III excludes UF membrane, and Combination IV excludes both MBBR and UF membrane. Life cycle assessment (LCA) was performed to evaluate potential environmental impacts arising from each combination while achieving the goal of obtaining recycled and reusable water from the aerobically-digested POME treatment. It is reported that electricity consumption is the predominant factor contributing to most of those categories (50–77%) as the emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides, and volatile mercury during the combustion of fossil fuels. Combination I in the integrated membrane-filtration system with all unit operations incurring high electricity consumption (52 MJ) contributed to the greatest environmental impact. Electricity consumption registers the highest impact towards all life cycle impact categories: 73% on climate change, 80% on terrestrial acidification, 51% on eutrophication, and 43% on human toxicity. Conversely, Combination IV is the most environmentally-friendly process, since it involves only two-unit operations – pre-treatment unit (comprising sand filters and activated carbon filters) and RO membrane unit – and thus incurs the least electricity consumption (41.6 MJ). The LCA offers insights into each combination of the operating process and facilitates both researchers and the industry towards sustainable production.

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