Development and Evaluation of Herbal Mosquito Repellent Cream

Mosquito repellent is a product that is applied to the skin or other surfaces to deter insects (and arthropods in general) from landing or climbing on that surface. The interest in plant-based repellants has been revived seeing that the development of resistance, cross-resistance and possible toxicity hazards associated with synthetic insecticides and their rising cost. The present study aimed towards the development and evaluation of safe and efficient herbal mosquito repellent from leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica, Vitex negundo, and Ocimum gratissimum. Six different types of formulation (Type-1 to 6) were prepared using each plant extract and optimized ingredients. The mosquito repellent activity of the formulation was tested using the arm-in-cage method. One skin rubbed with a small quantity of formulation was exposed to 20 mosquitoes and the number of mosquitoes that aligned or biting the arm was recorded in each minute for five minutes. The most effective repellent activity of the Type2 formulation was 87.5% (Y-shaped Model) and 91.62% (Rectangular-shaped Model). The Type1, Type3, Type4, Type5 and Type6 formulation showed 66.62% , 58.25%, 68.75%, 70.75% and 62.5% repellent activity in Y shaped model and 66.62%, 62.5%, 70.75%, 83.25% and 62.5% repellent activity in Rectangular shaped model respectively. During these studies, we found that Hexane extract showed higher repellent activity. No allergic reactions were observed upon the skin. So, it is a safe product. The formulation was ecological, economical and highly efficient.

Significance of Personnel Hygiene Practices in Pharmaceutical Industry

Personnel hygiene is very important in the pharmaceutical industry to prevent or reduce any kind of contamination which can affect the quality of medicinal products. When it comes to delivering highest quality standards of pharmaceutical products, key hygiene factors must to be upheld. Good personnel hygiene policies and practices are the foundation for successful product safety and purity. They are the backbone of a meaningful Good manufacturing Practices (GMP). Proper personnel training and sanitation are of prime importance. Personnel engaged in the manufacture, processing, packing, or holding of a drug product shall wear clean clothing appropriate for the duties they perform. All personnel should undergo medical check-up which may be a prerequisite for safe working condition. Personnel hygiene policies and procedures are to be followed by all personnel including management, visitors, production, sanitation and maintenance staff, for reducing the chance of product contamination. Personnel hygiene practices and procedures play a vital role in pharmaceutical industry in order to achieve a good quality and safe product.

MINERAL COMPOSITION AND SAFETY INDICATORS OF APPLES OF VARIOUS VARIETIES GROWN IN SOUTHERN KAZAKHSTAN

Фруктовые снеки получили широкое распространение на потребительском рынке зарубежных стран в связи с высокими диетическими и вкусовыми свойствами и отсутствием ограничений в употреблении для всех возрастных групп населения. В ассортименте фруктовых снеков наиболее распространены яблочные чипсы, что обусловлено доступностью сырья практически во всех регионах мира. Фруктовые чипсы являются хорошей альтернативой картофельным, так как содержат витамины и микроэлементы природного характера. При разработке технологии производства яблочных чипсов для получения качественного и безопасного продукта необходимо качественное и безопасное сырье. Исследованы минеральный состав и показатели безопасности яблок сортов Айдаред, Гренни Смит, Николь гренни, Фуджи и Голден, выращенных в фермерском хозяйстве Dala-fruit.kz. Минеральный состав определяли рентгеноспектральным методом на растровом электронном микроскопе по методике ГОСТ ISO 2173–2013. Содержание пестицидов (ГХЦГ (α-, β- и λ-изомеры), ДДТ и его метаболиты) в плодах определяли согласно СТ РК 2011–2010. Установлено, что яблоки всех исследованных сортов имеют богатый минеральный состав и в зависимости от сорта содержат, мг %: калия 40,16–46,3; кальция 2,1–3,7; магния 1,31–2,19; фосфора 2,1–3,7. По содержанию минеральных элементов наиболее богаты яблоки сорта Айдаред. Во всех образцах яблок отсутствуют пестициды, а содержание нитратов соответствует допустимому количеству. Следовательно, яблоки исследованных сортов можно применять в качестве сырья при производстве чипсов. Fruit snacks, due to their high dietary and taste properties and the absence of restrictions on consumption for all age groups of the population, have become widespread in the consumer market of foreign countries. Apple chips are the most common in the assortment of fruit snacks, due to the availability of raw materials in almost all regions of the world. Fruit chips are a good alternative to potato chips, as they contain vitamins and trace elements of a natural nature. When developing the technology for the production of apple chips, the raw materials were examined to obtain a high-quality and safe product. Mineral composition and safety indicators of apples of varieties – Aydared, Grenni Smit, Nicol grenni, Fudzhi and Golden, grown on a farm Dala-fruit.kz, investigated. The mineral composition was determined by the X-ray spectral method on a scanning electron microscope according to the GOST ISO 2173–2013 method. The content of pesticides in fruits is determined according to the ST RK 2011–2010. It was found that apples of all varieties have a rich mineral composition and, depending on the variety, contain, mg %: potassium 40,16–46,3; calcium 2,1–3,7; magnesium 1,31–2,19; phosphorus 2,1–3,7. Apples of the Aydared variety are the richest in the content of mineral elements. Pesticides are absent in all apple samples, and the nitrate content corresponds to the permissible amount. Consequently, apples of the studied varieties can be used as raw materials in the production of chips.

PRESENÇA DE CONTAMINANTES INORGÂNICOS EM PESCADO DE CULTIVO E CAPTURA

Commercial fishing and fish farms represent important sectors in the food industry. The global demand for these products had a significant increase in the last decades, due to the growth of the population, increase in income and in urbanization. To ensure a safe product to the population, the National Plan for Control of Residues and Poisoning (PNCRC) was developed, analyzing risks in products of both fishing and farming, aiming to ensure quality in food product throughout the production chain. In this way, the current document analysis aimed to verify, through reports from 2010 to 2016, the presence of inorganic poisons in fish from farming and commercial fishing. From those reports, the number of unsatisfactory samples in regards to poisons was extracted. This study reported that only fish from commercial fishing showed sample numbers with contamination from mercury, arsenium, plumbum and cadmium, with variations from 8,61% and 25,95%. These contaminated fish shouldn’t be made available for human consumption. For this reason, the NPCRP is an important tool to manage the risks of poisoning, promoting chemical safety on food with animal origins produced in Brazil.

In Praise of the Phytogenic Medicinal Plant Syzygium Aromaticum: A Review

Syzygium aromaticum commonly known as Clove is considered to be the most precious spice among others, which has been continued to be utilized for centuries for different biological and therapeutic purposes. It is a tropical tree which belongs to the Myrtaceae family and natively originated from Indonesia. However, in current times it is found in a few other places of the world including Brazil. Clove is viewed as perhaps the most extravagant source of phenolic mixes, for example, eugenol, eugenol acetic acid derivatives and so on. These mixtures have incredible potential for restorative, organic and other rural applications. In this review we have tried to figure out some of the important medicinal or therapeutic as well as phytobiotic and agricultural utilizations of the products prepared from Clove. We have tried to give an extra emphasis on the application of clove as a product of herbal contraception however for this purpose dose of the extract (either aqueous or ethanolic) of clove plays the vital role in this case. Although for establishing or making clove products commercially available as a safe product for herbal contraception or other medicinal impacts, more studies are required, and it could open a new era in the field of herbal medicine that would be much safer and feasible.

Improvement of recipe of pastille confectionery with the use of chicory and jerusalem artichoke

It is proposed to strengthen the position of pastille products in the domestic market by expanding the range and increasing the production of dietary and diabetic products. The range of dietary and diabetic confectionery sweets on the Ukrainian market has been studied. The data of the research on violations of dietary norms among the population and the consequences of these violations are analyzed. The functional-technological potential of sugar substitution for inulin-containing raw materials to pastille masses in order to create a functional product has been revealed. A comparative characterization of the chemical composition of chicory and Jerusalem artichoke powders is carried out. The choice of Jerusalem artichoke powder due to the content of slowly digestible carbohydrates that do not cause hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes is justified. The recipe for the preparation of fruit-based pastille confectionery with the use of chicory and Jerusalem artichoke powders has been improved in order to obtain dietary and diabetic products with increased nutritional and biological value. Rational ratios of prescription ingredients for creating pastille fruit-based confectionery products with satisfactory, organoleptic quality indicators have been established. The recipe uses prescription ingredients: banana, apple, pear and Jerusalem artichoke powder. Organoleptic indicators of the quality of a new product, namely odor, taste, color, shape, surface, were determined by the method of scoring. The optimal prescription ratios of the system (prescription ingredients) "apple - banana - Jerusalem artichoke powder" 23: 73: 4 were experimentally established. A study of the effect of improved pastry powder pastille confectionery on blood sugar in patients with type 2 diabetes is made. There was a decrease in blood sugar in patients with type 2 diabetes. A new fruit-based food product with Jerusalem artichoke powder was obtained with the following advantages - providing diabetics with a safe product that does not raise blood sugar levels in the short term and lowers it in the long term.

The effect of two starter cultures on some chemical and sensory properties of Macedonian traditional sausage

The aim of this study is to monitor the effect of two starter cultures on some chemical and sensory properties of industrially produced Macedonian traditional sausage. The research covered three variants: Variant 1: Control variant (conventionally produced Macedonian traditional sausages using nitrite salt and powdered acerola); Variant 2: Macedonian traditional sausages where the basic formulation was enriched by addition of starter culture CS-300 (Staphylococcus carnosus ssp. utilis + Staphylococcus carnosus) in combination with Swiss chard powder and powdered acerola; Variant 3: Macedonian traditional sausages where the basic formulation was enriched by addition of starter cultures CS-300 (Staphylococcus carnosus ssp. utilis + Staphylococcus carnosus) and BLC-78 (Pediococcus acidilactici + Staphylococcus carnosus) in combination with Swiss chard powder and powdered acerola. Starter cultures have a positive effect on changing the pH value of sausages, which creates favorable conditions for the development of the desired microflora. In the sausages from variant 2 the value for water activity is constant, and the largest decrease was determined in the variant 3. Nitrate-reducing bacteria in combination with a natural source of nitrates (Swiss chard powder and leek) are a suitable substitute for nitrite salt, thus eliminating its negative effects on consumer health. According to the obtained results, with the use of the starter culture CS-300 good quality of the sausages is achieved. At the same time a safe product is obtained where the use of nitrite salt is completely eliminated.

An Integrated Approach for the Valorization of Cheese Whey

Taking into account the large amount of whey that is produced during the cheese production process and the constant demand by society for more sustainable processes, in accordance with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the circular economy concept, it is necessary to adapt two-unit operations into a single process, allowing us to not only valorize a part of the whey but the whole process, which is known as bioprocess integration. In this sense, the adaptation of different processes, for example, physicochemical (micro, ultra and nanofiltration) and fermentation, that are commonly used to obtain proteins, lactose and other compounds with different activities (antioxidant, antifungal, etc.) could be integrated to achieve a complete recovery of the cheese whey. Likewise, keeping in mind that one of the main drawbacks of cheese whey is the great microbial load, some innovative processing technologies, such as high hydrostatic pressures, electrotechnologies and ultrasound, can allow both the development of new foods from whey as well as the improvement of the nutritional and organoleptic properties of the final products prepared with cheese, and thus reducing the microbial load and obtaining a safe product could be incorporated in the cheese whey valorization process.

Love It or Leave It: What Do Millennials Really Think of Wood Products?

In the past, the wood products industry has often struggled with effectively marketing products to the public. With the increase of globalization and wood substitutions, the industry may need new ways to attract customers. Targeting younger customers who have recently joined the buyer's market may be a way to increase the industry's market share and customer base. A study was conducted to understand the millennial generation's (individuals born from 1980 to 2000) knowledge and perception of wood products. In 2018, an online survey was distributed to over 1,500 millennial-aged individuals and 1,479 usable survey responses were returned. Results indicate that respondents have a favorable perception of wood products and that there is potential to change uncertain or negative perceptions by providing informative facts about wood products. Approximately 71 percent of millennials indicated paper and pulp to be the most popular wood product, followed by lumber (51%) Responses also showed that 84 percent of respondents perceived wood as beautiful and 54 percent indicated it appealed to their sense of style. In terms of strength and durability, 46 percent of the respondents did not perceive wood to be as strong as steel. They were unaware of cross-laminated timber (74%) and its structural benefits and did not feel it was a safe product to use in tall buildings (54%). Millennial females and all millennials ages 18–20 held particularly stronger attitudes about wood products. The information gained from this research can be valuable when developing strategies to promote products and attract new customers.

The effect of different suckling feeding modes on the growth and development of calves in postnatal ontogenesis

One of the key areas of development of the cattle breeding industry in Russia is the creation of effective technological methods. They allow to carry out the improvement and establishment of new resource-saving systems for breeding young animals at an accelerated pace. It is essential to meet the modern requirements of meat production as an ecologically safe product. The aim of the research was to enhance the fattening qualities of Hereford bull calves while using mode-setting suckling of various ratios as an element of resource saving. The study was performed on "SAVA-Agro-Yapryk" OOO of the Tuymazinsky district of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The determination of the efficiency of the use of free and mode-setting suckling of various ratios made it possible to identify an effective method of raising young meat cattle. A three-fold mode suckling is used with separate keeping of young animals and mother cows. This makes it possible to keep the optimal microclimate parameters in the calf house, contributes to the rapid early adaptation of calves to the consumption of coarse feed and concentrates. It has a positive effect on the growth and development of calves and their meat productivity at the age of 18 months according to the parameters of removable fat mass, carcass mass and interior fat mass. All this promotes an increase in the sale of beef and an improvement in the level of production profitability to 13.93%.