Grammatical Construction Theory and the Familiar Dichotomies

This research is named ((The role of grammatical morpheme to build up word and terms in the Kurdish language)) highlighted the structural area of Kurdish words and terms of the structure, although the foreground and the most important results occurring him through this research, consists of three chapters: The first chapter under the concept of morpheme and morphology in linguistics address, and speaks of this chapter for the word components and all grammatical morphemes in theory with examples of the words in the Kurdish language, and in the second chapter emerged as the role and influence of morphemes grammatical construction of the Kurdish words hire science of statistics to prove its existence and build a word in the Kurdish language, and in the third chapter also analyzed the role of these morphemes any grammatical terminology for the construction of the subsidy with the knowledge of statistics as well, to demonstrate its role and influence in the Kurdish term.

Notes on Ovid's Tristia and Ex Ponto

The Classical Quarterly ◽

10.1017/s0009838800011253 ◽

1916 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 190-191

Author(s):

J. P. Postgate

Keyword(s):

Thus reads the ‘optimus Laurentianus,’ and starting hence we shall refuse claudent, the facile but incoherent correction of some MSS., and still more the claudunt which the majority offer. Nor for all that shall we make the ineptitude of these readings a ground for condemning the pentameter, which, save for its lack of grammatical construction, is perfectly faultless in expression. Turning our attention to the hexameter, we observe that Parca, a synonym for fata (Ex Pont. III. 7. 20 ‘Parcaque ad extremum qua mea coepit eat’ by id. II. 7. 17 sq. ‘iam mihi fata liquet coeptos seruantia cursus | per sibi consuetas semper itura uias’) with trahebat will set everything right. The offending fata is due to a gloss or an unfortunate reminiscence.

Evidentials and Person

The Oxford Handbook of Evidentiality ◽

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198759515.013.2 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 46-64

Author(s):

Jackson T.-S. Sun

Keyword(s):

Empirical Data ◽

First Person ◽

Evidential Value ◽

Self Reports ◽

Research Findings ◽

Intimate Knowledge ◽

Access To Knowledge

This chapter presents an overview of salient issues regarding the correlation between evidentiality and person. A synthesis of research findings is provided and illustrated by empirical data. The person category relevant for evidentiality is shown to be the ‘speaking person’, which translates into various grammatical persons depending on the grammatical construction. The person-sensitive distribution of evidential forms is attributable to features like control, observability, and access to knowledge, and may be creatively manipulated along an evidential directness cline, such that an evidential value reserved for the speaking person may be employed to assert intimate knowledge about another person, and conversely, a reduced evidential value may be selected in self-reports to tone down first-person involvement, exhibiting ‘first-person effects’. Also elucidated herein is how the addressee’s perspective, another critical person factor in evidentiality, shapes evidential formation and selection.

Text & Talk - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Language Discourse Communication Studies ◽

Taking a stance and getting on with it: the form and function of the Finnish finite clausal extraposition construction

10.1515/text-2012-0024 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 32 (4) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ritva Laury

Keyword(s):

Social Action ◽

Basic Assumption ◽

Sequential Design ◽

Local Context ◽

Grammatical Form ◽

Form And Function ◽

The Creation ◽

Ordinary Conversation ◽

And Function

AbstractThis paper concerns a particular grammatical construction, extraposition, and its use for assessments at points of transition between activities and topics by speakers of Finnish in ordinary conversation. A basic assumption taken here is that “recurrent clausal constructions of a language are social action formats for that language” (Thompson 2006), and that grammatical constructions such as clause types are learned and therefore routinized responses to certain types of interactional contingencies, and, at the same time, emergent from the current local context (Hopper 1987; Helasvuo 2001).The paper combines the two central perspectives developed in this issue, sequential design and dialogicality, with the study of grammar-in-interaction. It shows that the grammatical form of the Finnish extraposition construction emerges from its use by speakers for the creation of intersubjectivity through reproduction of prior talk and for the projection of stance taking to follow.

Lexicographica - International Annual for Lexicography / Internationales Jahrbuch für Lexikographie ◽

The German Constructicon Project: Framework, methodology, resources

10.1515/lex-2019-0003 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 35 (1) ◽

pp. 15-40

Author(s):

Alexander Ziem ◽

Johanna Flick ◽

Phillip Sandkühler

Keyword(s):

Preliminary Analysis ◽

Grammatical Function ◽

Link Type ◽

Semantic Annotations ◽

Part Of Speech ◽

Computational Work ◽

Work Routine ◽

The University ◽

Speech Phrase

Abstract The paper introduces aims and efforts of the German Constructicon Project (GCP) (www.german-constructicon.de) hosted at the University of Düsseldorf. The ultimate goal of the project is not only to identify and describe oftentimes overlooked grammatical constructions, but also to offer comprehensive descriptions of them in a dictionary-like online repository. Each construction entry is intended to provide all relevant grammatical information necessary to understand and correctly use the respective grammatical construction. Based on constructicographical analyses of authentic corpus examples, the paper reports on the methodological foundations of GCP, most importantly the annotation categories used, as well as on the computational work routine yielding construction entries. The routine includes five consecutive steps, (i) subcorporation and preliminary analysis, (ii) parsing pipeline (automatic annotations of part of speech, phrase type and grammatical function), (iii) semantic annotations, (iv) semi-automatic analyses of the annotations and, finally, (v) compilation of construction entries. For illustration, we present the geschweige denn (‘let alone’) construction in its habitat of the negating_connector construction family. The paper concludes with outlining a full-fledged construction entry for geschweige denn in the German Constructicon.

A study on the grammatical construction of function structures

Artificial intelligence for engineering design analysis and manufacturing ◽

10.1017/s0890060405050110 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 19 (3) ◽

pp. 139-160 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

PRASANNA SRIDHARAN ◽

MATTHEW I. CAMPBELL

Keyword(s):

Automated Reasoning ◽

Black Box ◽

Graph Grammar ◽

Functional Information ◽

Customer Requirements ◽

Conceptual Engineering ◽

Grammar Rules ◽

Interactive User ◽

Function Structures

Function structures are used during conceptual engineering design to transform the customer requirements into specific functional tasks. Although they are usually constructed from a well-understood black-box description of an artifact, there is no clear approach or formal set of rules that guide the creation of function structures. To remedy the unclear formation of such structures and to provide the potential for automated reasoning of such structures, a graph grammar is developed and implemented. The grammar can be used by a designer to explore various solutions to a conceptual design problem. Furthermore, the grammar aids in disseminating engineering functional information and in teaching the function structure concept to untrained engineers. Thirty products are examined as a basis for developing the grammar rules, and the rules are implemented in an interactive user environment. Experiments with student engineers and with the automated creation of function structures validate the effectiveness of the grammar rules.

A Rare Grammatical Construction in a Neglected Egyptian Text

Journal of Near Eastern Studies ◽

10.1086/370940 ◽

1949 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 359-364

Author(s):

Keith C. Seele

Keyword(s):

Metapragmatic appositions in German talk-in-interaction

Yearbook of the German Cognitive Linguistics Association ◽

10.1515/gcla-2017-0002 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Jens Philipp Lanwer

Keyword(s):

Common Ground ◽

Current Paper ◽

Local Management ◽

Epistemic Stance ◽

Knowledge States ◽

AbstractIn German talk-in-interaction it can be observed that so-called loose appositions are frequently used as a grammatical resource for performing selfinitiated self-repairs in the domain of reference. In the current paper, it is argued that this kind of appositional pattern can be described as a grammatical construction which indicates that the incorporated grammatical elements give alternative ‘reference instructions’ for building up compatible conceptualizations of one and the same entity with respect to different epistemic domains. Thereby it offers the possibility to incrementally adjust the design of reference instructions to divergent knowledge states of the interlocutors. The use of appositional constructions is thus frequently linked to aspects of epistemic stance regarding a lack of common ground. Hence, it is argued that aspects of the local management of epistemic asymmetries can be considered part of the pragmatic specifications of the construction. These specifications are sometimes made explicit through the use of lexical markers like also ‘that is’ so that the extended pattern which contains such markers might be called a metapragmatic construction.

Grammatical construction of function words between old and modern written Arabic: A corpus-based analysis

Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory ◽

10.1515/cllt-2016-0069 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 267-296

Author(s):

Sultan Almujaiwel

Keyword(s):

Heritage Language ◽

Main Part ◽

Function Words ◽

Frequency Distributions ◽

Standard Arabic ◽

Part Of Speech ◽

Modern Arabic ◽

Classical Arabic ◽

Modern Standard

AbstractThis paper argues that Arabic function words (FWs) vary in usage between old and modern Arabic, thus prompting an experimental investigation into their changeability. This investigation is carried out by testing classical Arabic (CA) in Arabic heritage language (AHL) texts – those labeled as archistratum – and the modern standard Arabic (MSA) of Arabic newspaper texts (ANT), each group of which contains randomly collected 5 million (M) word texts. The linguistic theory of the grammar of Arabic FWs is explained through the differences between CA and MSA, despite Arabic FW changes and the unlearnability and/or unusability of some FW constructions between in these two eras of Arabic usage. The dispersion/distribution of the construction grammar (CxG) of FWs and the number (n) of word attractions/repulsions between the two distinct eras is explored using the very latest and most sophisticated Arabic corpus processing tools, and Sketch Engine’sSkeEn gramrelsoperators. The analysis of a 5 M word corpus from each era of Arabic serves to prove the non-existence of rigorous Arabic CxG. The approach in this study adopts a technique which, by contrasting AHL with ANT, relies on analyzing the frequency distributions of FWs, the co-occurrences of FWs in a span of 2n-grams collocational patterning, and some cases of FW usage changes in terms of lexical cognition (FW grammatical relationships). The results show that the frequencies of FWs, in addition to the case studies, are not the same, and this implies that FWs and their associations with the main part of speech class in a fusion language like Arabic have grammatically changed in MSA. Their constructional changes are neglected in Arabic grammar.