As emphasized by Dr Seilacher in his introduction to this symposium, and illustrated in the contribution by Mr Martill, some of the most important examples of fossil Lagersätten occur in marine shales of Mesozoic age. Many of the factors that control the types and preservation of fossils are the same as those that affect the authigenic mineralogy and geochemistry of the shales, notably the degree of aeration or stagnation of the water column and the quantity and quality of the organic matter supplied to the sediment. Perhaps the most important diagenetic reaction in marine shales is sulphate reduction by bacteria that are obligate anaerobes. They can operate in anoxic waters or in ‘reducing microenvironments’ (such as concentrations of organic matter, or enclosed voids within shells) in sediments whose pore waters are kept generally oxic by the effects of burrowing organisms. Sulphate is reduced to sulphide and in the presence of reduced iron this can be precipitated as iron sulphides, normally found in ancient sediments in the form of pyrite. Pyrite is thus a key mineral in studying shale diagenesis, for its geochemistry as well as for its direct importance in preserving fossils by replacement of soft-parts (see, for example, Stürmer 1984), of aragonitic shells (see, for example, Fisher 1985) and by forming internal moulds of chambered shells (see, for example, Hudson & Palframan 1969; Hudson 1982).
Metabolic evolution and the self-organization of ecosystems