Validity of surrogate measures of alcohol involvement when applied to nonfatal crashes

The aim of this study was to conduct a multivariate assessment of college student drinking motivations at a campus with conventional alcohol control policies and enforcement practices, including the establishment and dissemination of alcohol policies and the use of warnings to arouse fear of sanctions. Two explanatory models were compared: perceptions of risk and normative beliefs. An anonymous questionnaire was administered to 1,396 students at a large Midwestern university. Data analyses were conducted on the subsample of participants who had reported using alcohol within the past 12 months (n = 1,322). Overall, the results from a canonical correlation analysis indicated that alcohol involvement was best explained by normative beliefs about the drinking practices of ones closest friends. Perceptions of drinking risk were less important to the explanation of alcohol involvement, and some of these measures unexpectedly had positive associations with indicators of alcohol risk behavior. The findings call into question the conventional deterrence strategies used in many university communities (i.e., belief that students who perceive there to be a low risk of receiving sanctions are those most likely to engage in alcohol related misbehavior). Furthermore, the findings suggest that effective interventions will need to impact students' normative beliefs about the drinking practices of proximal peer groups.

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Polygenic Risk Scores for Alcohol Involvement Relate to Brain Structure in Substance‐Naïve Children: Results from the ABCD Study

Genes Brain & Behavior ◽

10.1111/gbb.12756 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Alexander S. Hatoum ◽

Emma C. Johnson ◽

David A. A. Baranger ◽

Sarah E. Paul ◽

Arpana Agrawal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Brain Structure ◽

Risk Scores ◽

Polygenic Risk ◽

Alcohol Involvement

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Perseverance with technology-facilitated home-based upper limb practice after stroke: a systematic mixed studies review

Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation ◽

10.1186/s12984-021-00819-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Bridee A. Neibling ◽

Sarah M. Jackson ◽

Kathryn S. Hayward ◽

Ruth N. Barker

Keyword(s):

Mixed Methods ◽

Upper Limb ◽

Stroke Survivors ◽

Full Potential ◽

Design Strategies ◽

Home Based ◽

Mixed Studies Review ◽

Assess Quality ◽

Surrogate Measures ◽

Systematic Mixed Studies Review

Abstract Background Technology is being increasingly investigated as an option to allow stroke survivors to exploit their full potential for recovery by facilitating home-based upper limb practice. This review seeks to explore the factors that influence perseverance with technology-facilitated home-based upper limb practice after stroke. Methods A systematic mixed studies review with sequential exploratory synthesis was undertaken. Studies investigating adult stroke survivors with upper limb disability undertaking technology-facilitated home-based upper limb practice administered ≥ 3 times/week over a period of ≥ 4 weeks were included. Qualitative outcomes were stroke survivors’ and family members’ perceptions of their experience utilising technology to facilitate home-based upper limb practice. Quantitative outcomes were adherence and dropouts, as surrogate measures of perseverance. The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool was used to assess quality of included studies. Results Forty-two studies were included. Six studies were qualitative and of high quality; 28 studies were quantitative and eight were mixed methods studies, all moderate to low quality. A conceptual framework of perseverance with three stages was formed: (1) getting in the game; (2) sticking with it, and; (3) continuing or moving on. Conditions perceived to influence perseverance, and factors mediating these conditions were identified at each stage. Adherence with prescribed dose ranged from 13 to 140%. Participants were found to be less likely to adhere when prescribed sessions were more frequent (6–7 days/week) or of longer duration (≥ 12 weeks). Conclusion From the mixed methods findings, we propose a framework for perseverance with technology-facilitated home-based upper limb practice. The framework offers opportunities for clinicians and researchers to design strategies targeting factors that influence perseverance with practice, in both the clinical prescription of practice and technology design. To confirm the clinical utility of this framework, further research is required to explore perseverance and the factors influencing perseverance. Registration: PROSPERO CRD42017072799—https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=72799

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Review of the Quantitative Resilience Methods in Water Distribution Networks

Water ◽

10.3390/w11061189 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 1189 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Qing Shuang ◽

Hui Jie Liu ◽

Erik Porse

Keyword(s):

Water Distribution ◽

Distribution Networks ◽

Welfare Economic ◽

Fault Detection And Isolation ◽

Water Distribution Networks ◽

Uncertain Environments ◽

Innovative Methods ◽

Adaptive Capabilities ◽

The Social ◽

Surrogate Measures

Water distribution networks (WDNs) are critical contributors to the social welfare, economic growth, and public health in cities. Under the uncertainties that are introduced owing to climate change, urban development, aging components, and interdependent infrastructure, the WDN performance must be evaluated using continuously innovative methods and data acquisition. Quantitative resilience assessments provide useful information for WDN operators and planners, enabling support systems that can withstand disasters, recover quickly from outages, and adapt to uncertain environments. This study reviews contemporary approaches for quantifying the resilience of WDNs. 1508 journal articles published from 1950 to 2018 are identified under systematic review guidelines. 137 references that focus on the quantitative resilience methods of WDN are classified as surrogate measures, simulation methods, network theory approaches, and fault detection and isolation approaches. This study identifies the resilience capability of the WDNs and describes the related terms of absorptive, restorative, and adaptive capabilities. It also discusses the metrics, research progresses, and limitations associated with each method. Finally, this study indicates the challenges associated with the quantification of WDNs that should be overcome for achieving improved resilience assessments in the future.

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