Counterfeit patronage: human values, counterfeit experience and construal level

Counterfeit-related studies have revealed motivational drives for counterfeit consumption. Little is known concerning the implications of consumers’ enduring and normative beliefs about proper standards of conduct as the determinants of counterfeit patronage. Drawing on the Schwartz theory of human values, experience literature and construal level theory, this research investigates counterfeit patronage by addressing three crucially important questions: (1) what personal values determine counterfeit patronage; (2) how do these relationships vary as a function of counterfeit experience and (3) how do values have power in eliminating counterfeit consumption? Two studies provide robust evidence that self-transcendence values mitigate counterfeit patronage when consumers’ counterfeit experience is low. We also demonstrate that consumers who endorse self-transcendence values more exhibit higher levels of construal, which results in reduced counterfeit patronage.

Subjective Reasons

Objective reasons depend on how things are. Subjective reasons depend on how things seem. Subjective reasons determine what it is rational to do. This chapter develops and defends a new account of subjective reasons, and thereby of practical rationality, in part via critical reflection on the leading alternative. The positive proposal is a modal one, which builds on the theories of objective and possessed reasons. Roughly, what appears to a person to be the case is a subjective reason for them to act when, in some nearby epistemically possible world in which it obtains, it is right in some way for them to act. The chapter concludes by showing how the framework might be further extended to capture the idea that rationality depends on credences, desires, and normative beliefs.

Realism, Metasemantics, and Risk

It is often claimed that realism about normativity entails that it is difficult for us to know anything about it. I refine this thought by characterizing realism as a thesis which is committed to explaining a semantic thesis about possible uses of normative language: that normative terms like ‘ought’ are semantically stable, in the sense that the term refers to the same property even if it is used differently. There are independent arguments which show that a realist view, if it is plausible, should entail semantic stability for ‘ought’. In this paper I argue that, if the realist succeeds in explaining semantic stability, the realist view implies that normative beliefs will be at risk of being false, and hence not knowledge. Central to this argument is a phenomenon I call meta-semantic risk. I argue that the phenomenon of meta-semantic risk gives rise to a significant dose of normative skepticism for the realist, but it does not entail wholesale skepticism, since the epistemic threats are only contingent, and threatens only precise normative beliefs. I close by sketching two arguments that may show that even this limited form of skepticism counts significantly against the realist view.

Integrating Digital Literacy Into EFL Classroom: A Study of Theory of Planned Behavior

Beliefs take a vital role in influencing students' decision about integrating digital literacy in EFL classroom. This case study investigated students' behavioral, control, and normative beliefs toward integrating digital literacy into the EFL classroom. This research used the Theory of Planned Behavior initiated by Ajzen to collect and analyze the data. The results of interviews and observations highlighted students' integration of digital literacy into EFL classroom referred to several beliefs. The behavioral beliefs (attitude toward advantages of a behavior) about the value of digital literacy for its effectiveness and efficiency potential to find information, to promote students cognitive skills and ethical awareness, and to improve English proficiency; normative beliefs (about social support) about the meeting of the expectation of school, teachers, parents, and friends; and control beliefs (about perceive behavioral control) about the opportunity and the availability to interact with the technology. This study highlighted a substantive theory related to the findings: Students' positive beliefs about integrating digital literacy into EFL classroom influence students' learning strategy. By having positive beliefs about the outcomes that students will get (behavioral beliefs), support from family, teachers, and the school environment (normative beliefs), as well as beliefs about the presence of factors that may facilitate or hinder the performance (control beliefs), students demonstrate the tendency to always use digital technology in learning English.

Effect of Context on Scientists’ Normative Beliefs

Past research on the relationship between scientists’ normative beliefs about public engagement in the context of willingness to engage could prove misleading if respondents do not consider the impacts of engagement activities when responding to survey questions. This study asks scientists to report normative beliefs in the context of engagement impacts and explores correlations between these responses and engagement willingness. Results suggest mentioning positive societal impact positively affects normative beliefs, while mentioning lost research time negatively affects normative beliefs. However, changing the measurement context does not affect the non-relationship between normative beliefs and engagement willingness.

Self-Regulation, Normative Beliefs, Alcohol Use and Consequences among University Students from Eastern Europe

This study aims to explore the associations between descriptive normative beliefs (DNB), alcohol use and negative consequences and test whether self-regulation (SR) moderates this relationship. The data was collected online from 1621 first-year university students in the Czech Republic, Hungary, Lithuania and Slovakia. The AUDIT, self-regulation questionnaire and questions regarding DNB were used. DNB were found to be positively associated with drinking across all the samples. The associations between DNB and alcohol use as well as between alcohol use and negative consequences were stronger among students with lower SR. The protective effect of SR on alcohol use and consequences combined with the theory of social influence may improve intervention accuracy and make it a promising target for intervention among young adults.

Perceptions of behaviour efficacy, not perceptions of threat, are drivers of COVID-19 protective behaviour in Germany

In the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, non-pharmaceutical protective measures taken by individuals remain pivotal. Based on existing empirical findings as well as prominent behavioural theories, a partial least squares structural equation model (PLS-SEM) of predictors for pandemic protective behaviour was estimated using a representative German sample (n = 437). The study was preregistered at OSF. The model explains 69% of the variance for behavioural intention, which is strongly correlated with behaviour (rho= .84). The most influential predictor for protective behaviour is its perceived efficacy, followed by normative beliefs and perceptions about costs for protective behaviour. Distrusting beliefs in science and scientists negatively predicted response perceptions and were also strongly and negatively correlated with behaviour. Knowledge about COVID-19 was weakly linked with perceived response efficacy, as well as with behaviour. These findings suggest that communication strategies surrounding COVID-19 should emphasise the efficacy of responses and foster a sense of responsibility.

The Behavior of Using Masks during the Coronavirus Disease 19 Pandemic in Malang Regency, Indonesia: Application of Theory of Planned Behavior and Social Support

BACKGROUND: The use of masks during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is one of the efforts to prevent its transmission. However, it was found that the behavior of the use of masks in the community is still low. AIM: This study aims to analyze people’s behavior in the use of masks with the theory of planned behavior and social support approach. METHODS: Research using a cross-sectional design. The study was conducted on 90 people in Malang, Indonesia, taken with simple random sampling techniques. Variables measured are behavioral beliefs, evaluation of behavioral outcomes, normative beliefs, motivation to comply, control beliefs, perceived power, attitude, subjective norm, perceived control, intention, family support, peer support, and mask usage behavior. Research instrument is questionnaire. The data were analyzed using a linear regression test. RESULTS: Results showed that the behavior of mask use according to the theory of planned behavior was significantly influenced by perceived power (p < 0.001), normative beliefs (p = 0.019), and intention to perform the behavior (p = 0.041). While in the social support component, peer support obtained a significant effect (p = 0.002). CONCLUSION: As an effort to improve the behavior of the use of masks in the community during the COVID-19 pandemic, it is necessary to strengthen perceived power, normative beliefs, and intentions accompanied by good peer support so that the community complies with the use of masks for the prevention of transmission.