scholarly journals Comparing distance and time as driving exposure measures to evaluate fatal crash risk ratios

2020 ◽  
Vol 142 ◽  
pp. 105576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sijun Shen ◽  
Marco H. Benedetti ◽  
Songzhu Zhao ◽  
Lai Wei ◽  
Motao Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Crash Risk ◽  
Fatal Crash ◽  
Risk Ratios

scholarly journals Role of Poverty in California Teenagers’ Fatal Traffic Crash Risk

2009 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mike Males
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Motor Vehicle Crash ◽  
Motor Vehicle Crashes ◽  
Crash Risk ◽  
Vehicle Crashes ◽  
Fatal Crash ◽  
Adolescent Risk

Teenagers’ high rates of motor vehicle crashes, accounting for 40% of external deaths among 16-19 yearolds, have been ascribed largely to inherent “adolescent risk-taking” and developmental hazards. However, the fact that compared to adults 25 and older, teenagers are twice as likely to live in poverty and low-income areas, risk factors for many types of violent death, has not been assessed. This paper uses Fatality Analysis Reporting System data on 65,173 fatal motor vehicle crashes by drivers in California’s 35 most populous counties for 1994-2007 to analyze fatal crash involvements per 100 million miles driven by driver age, county, poverty status, and 15 other traffic safety-related variables. Fatal crash rates were substantially higher for every driver age group in poorer counties than in richer ones. Multivariate regression found socioeconomic factors, led by the low levels of licensing and high unemployment rates prevalent in low-income areas, were associated with nearly 60% of the variance in motor vehicle crash risks, compared to 3% associated with driver age. The strong association between fatal crash risk and poverty, especially for young drivers who are concentrated in high-poverty brackets and low-income areas, suggests that factors related to poorer environments constitute a major traffic safety risk requiring serious attention.

scholarly journals Effects of environmental stressors on daily governance

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (35) ◽  
pp. 8710-8715 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick Obradovich ◽  
Dustin Tingley ◽  
Iyad Rahwan
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
General Circulation ◽  
Circulation Model ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Crash Risk ◽  
Regulatory Oversight ◽  
Fatal Crash ◽  
Future Warming ◽  
Vehicular Crashes ◽  
Government Workers

Human workers ensure the functioning of governments around the world. The efficacy of human workers, in turn, is linked to the climatic conditions they face. Here we show that the same weather that amplifies human health hazards also reduces street-level government workers’ oversight of these hazards. To do so, we employ US data from over 70 million regulatory police stops between 2000 and 2017, from over 500,000 fatal vehicular crashes between 2001 and 2015, and from nearly 13 million food safety violations across over 4 million inspections between 2012 and 2016. We find that cold and hot temperatures increase fatal crash risk and incidence of food safety violations while also decreasing police stops and food safety inspections. Added precipitation increases fatal crash risk while also decreasing police stops. We examine downscaled general circulation model output to highlight the possible day-to-day governance impacts of climate change by 2050 and 2099. Future warming may augment regulatory oversight during cooler seasons. During hotter seasons, however, warming may diminish regulatory oversight while simultaneously amplifying the hazards government workers are tasked with overseeing.

scholarly journals Distinguishing between Rural and Urban Road Segment Traffic Safety Based on Zero-Inflated Negative Binomial Regression Models

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuedong Yan ◽  
Bin Wang ◽  
Meiwu An ◽  
Cuiping Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Regression Models ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Traffic Volume ◽  
Road Segment ◽  
Crash Risk ◽  
Segment Length ◽  
Crash Frequency ◽  
Urban Road ◽  
Fatal Crash ◽  
Rural And Urban

In this study, the traffic crash rate, total crash frequency, and injury and fatal crash frequency were taken into consideration for distinguishing between rural and urban road segment safety. The GIS-based crash data during four and half years in Pikes Peak Area, US were applied for the analyses. The comparative statistical results show that the crash rates in rural segments are consistently lower than urban segments. Further, the regression results based on Zero-Inflated Negative Binomial (ZINB) regression models indicate that the urban areas have a higher crash risk in terms of both total crash frequency and injury and fatal crash frequency, compared to rural areas. Additionally, it is found that crash frequencies increase as traffic volume and segment length increase, though the higher traffic volume lower the likelihood of severe crash occurrence; compared to 2-lane roads, the 4-lane roads have lower crash frequencies but have a higher probability of severe crash occurrence; and better road facilities with higher free flow speed can benefit from high standard design feature thus resulting in a lower total crash frequency, but they cannot mitigate the severe crash risk.

scholarly journals Vehicle Occupancy and Crash Risk

2005 ◽  
Vol 1908 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judy A. Geyer ◽  
David R. Ragland
Keyword(s):  
Reporting System ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Seat Belt ◽  
Driver Distraction ◽  
Crash Risk ◽  
Fatal Crash ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Seat Belt Use ◽  
Teenage Drivers

This study explores the association between vehicle occupancy and a driver's risk of causing a fatal crash, not wearing a seat belt, and using alcohol. The survey population is the set of drivers represented in the Fatal Analysis Reporting System for 1992 to 2002. The independent variables are driver age, driver gender, passenger age, passenger gender, and vehicle occupancy. The outcome variables are whether the driver was at fault in causing the fatal crash, whether the driver wore a seat belt, and whether the driver had used alcohol. For male teenage drivers, driving with teenage passengers correlated with an increased risk of causing a crash. For all female drivers and for male drivers over age 40, passenger presence correlated with a reduced risk of causing a fatal crash. Drivers ages 15 to 30 were less likely to wear a seat belt when passengers were present than when driving solo. Drivers age 50 and older had higher rates of seat belt use when passengers were present. This protective effect of passengers was stronger for male drivers than female drivers, and for male drivers the effect increased by age. Drivers ages 15 to 34 accompanied by passengers were more likely to have consumed alcohol than solo drivers of the same age group. These results offer an interesting perspective for research in the area of driver distraction, and they update current knowledge on older drivers and the role of seat belt and alcohol awareness.

Reducing Fatal Crash Risk Among Teenaged Drivers

JAMA ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 283 (12) ◽  
pp. 1617 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert D. Foss
Keyword(s):  
Crash Risk ◽  
Fatal Crash

Fatal crash risk for older drivers at intersections

1998 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
David F. Preusser ◽  
Allan F. Williams ◽  
Susan A. Ferguson ◽  
Robert G. Ulmer ◽  
Helen B. Weinstein
Keyword(s):  
Older Drivers ◽  
Crash Risk ◽  
Fatal Crash

The effect of teenage passengers on the fatal crash risk of teenage drivers

1998 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
David F. Preusser ◽  
Susan A. Ferguson ◽  
Allan F. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Crash Risk ◽  
Fatal Crash ◽  
Teenage Drivers

Meta-Analyse zur Wirksamkeit deutscher suchtpräventiver Lebenskompetenzprogramme

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anneke Bühler
Keyword(s):  
Risk Ratios

Zusammenfassung. Schulbasierte Lebenskompetenzprogramme (LKP) sind ein wichtiger Ansatz der Suchtprävention in Deutschland. Ihre Wirksamkeit wurde bisher nicht meta-analytisch getestet. Resultate von 13 systematisch identifizierten randomisierten und nicht-randomisierten Studien mit deutschsprachigen Zielgruppen wurden quantitativ integriert. Risk Ratios (RR) wurden signifikant für den Einstieg in den Tabakkonsum (RR=.77) bzw. das allgemeine Rauchverhalten (RR=.64) bei GrundschülerInnen, bei SekundarstufenschülerInnen ein Initialeffekt von RR=.44 für den aktuellen Konsum. Effekte für die Lebenszeitprävalenz (RR=.78) und den aktuellen Konsum (RR=.71) von Alkohol wurden zum Posttest signifikant. Die Ergebnisse belegen eine Wirksamkeit der suchtpräventiven LKP mit deutsch(sprachig)en SchülerInnen insofern, als dass sie das Risiko für einen frühzeitigen Konsum, der einen Risikofaktor für späteren Substanzmissbrauch darstellt, verringern.

Methodology for determining motorcycle operator crash risk and alcohol impairment-Volume II: Literature review report

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert B. Voas ◽  
Terry A. Smith ◽  
David R. Thom ◽  
James McKnight ◽  
John W. Zellner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Crash Risk ◽  
Alcohol Impairment
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