Meta-Analyse zur Wirksamkeit deutscher suchtpräventiver Lebenskompetenzprogramme

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anneke Bühler
Keyword(s):  
Risk Ratios

Zusammenfassung. Schulbasierte Lebenskompetenzprogramme (LKP) sind ein wichtiger Ansatz der Suchtprävention in Deutschland. Ihre Wirksamkeit wurde bisher nicht meta-analytisch getestet. Resultate von 13 systematisch identifizierten randomisierten und nicht-randomisierten Studien mit deutschsprachigen Zielgruppen wurden quantitativ integriert. Risk Ratios (RR) wurden signifikant für den Einstieg in den Tabakkonsum (RR=.77) bzw. das allgemeine Rauchverhalten (RR=.64) bei GrundschülerInnen, bei SekundarstufenschülerInnen ein Initialeffekt von RR=.44 für den aktuellen Konsum. Effekte für die Lebenszeitprävalenz (RR=.78) und den aktuellen Konsum (RR=.71) von Alkohol wurden zum Posttest signifikant. Die Ergebnisse belegen eine Wirksamkeit der suchtpräventiven LKP mit deutsch(sprachig)en SchülerInnen insofern, als dass sie das Risiko für einen frühzeitigen Konsum, der einen Risikofaktor für späteren Substanzmissbrauch darstellt, verringern.

Robust Benchmarking of Indian Mutual Funds-A Partial Frontier Approach

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ram Pratap Sinha
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Performance Evaluation ◽  
Mutual Funds ◽  
Mutual Fund ◽  
Multi Criteria Decision Making ◽  
Risk Framework ◽  
Programming Techniques ◽  
Risk Free Rate ◽  
Risk Ratios ◽  
Free Rate

Performance analysis of mutual funds is usually made on the basis of return-risk framework. Traditionally, excess return (over risk-free rate) to risk ratios were used for the purpose mutual fund evaluation. Subsequently, the application of non-parametric mathematical programming techniques in the context of performance evaluation facilitated multi-criteria decision making. However,the estimates of performance on the basis of conventional programming techniques like DEA and FDH are affected by the presence of outliers in the sample observations. The present, accordingly uses more robust benchmarking techniques for evaluating the performance od sectoral mutual fund schemes based on observations for the second half of 2010. The USP of the present study is that it uses two partial frontier techniques (Order-m and Order- a) which are less susceptible to the problem of extreme data.

Risk evaluation of duodenoscope-associated infections in the Netherlands calls for a heightened awareness of device-related infections: a systematic review

Endoscopy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith A. Kwakman ◽  
Nicole S. Erler ◽  
Margreet C. Vos ◽  
Marco J. Bruno
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Healthcare Personnel ◽  
Endoscopic Retrograde ◽  
Minimum Risk ◽  
Actual Risk ◽  
Molecular Matching ◽  
Estimated Risk ◽  
Technical Solutions ◽  
Risk Ratios

Abstract Background The risk of exogenous infections from endoscopic procedures is often cited as almost negligible (1 infection in 1.8 million procedures); however, this risk is based on older literature and does not seem to match the number of infectious outbreaks due to contaminated duodenoscopes reported after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Using Dutch data, we aimed to estimate the minimum risk of duodenoscope-associated infection (DAI) and colonization (DAC) in patients undergoing ERCP. Methods A systematic literature search identified all DAI outbreaks in the Netherlands reported between 2008 and 2019. Included cases were confirmed by molecular matching of patient and duodenoscope cultures. Risk ratios were calculated based on the total number of ERCPs performed during the study period. Results Three outbreaks were reported and published between 2008 and 2018, including 21 confirmed DAI cases and 52 confirmed DAC cases. The estimated number of ERCPs performed during the same period was 181 209–227 006. The calculated minimum estimated DAI risk was approximately 0.01 % and the minimum estimated DAC risk was 0.023 %–0.029 %. Conclusions The estimated risk of DAI in Dutch ERCP practice was at least 180 times higher than previously published risk estimates. The actual risk is likely to be (much) higher due to underreporting of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms and sensitive bacteria. Greater awareness by healthcare personnel involved in endoscopy and endoscope cleaning is required, as well as innovative technical solutions to contain and ultimately eliminate DAIs.

Effect of PM characterization on PM oxidative potential by acellular assays: a review

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 461-470
Author(s):  
Huibin Guo ◽  
Lei Jin ◽  
Sijing Huang
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Measurement Methods ◽  
Redox Properties ◽  
Oxidative Potential ◽  
Cellular Assays ◽  
Copper Manganese ◽  
Risk Ratios

AbstractThe health risks brought by particles cannot be present via a sole parameter. Instead, the particulate matter oxidative potential (PM OP), which expresses combined redox properties of particles, is used as an integrated metric to assess associated hazards and particle-induced health effects. OP definition provides the capacity of PM toward target oxidation. The latest technologies of a cellular OP measurement has been growing in relevant studies. In this review, OP measurement techniques are focused on discussing along with PM characterization because of many related studies via OP measurements investigating relationship with human health. Many OP measurement methods, such as dithiothreitol (DTT), ascorbic acid (AA), glutathione (GSH) assay and other a cellular assays, are used to study the association between PM toxicity and PM characterization that make different responses, including PM components, size and sources. Briefly, AA and DTT assays are sensitive to metals (such as copper, manganese and iron etc.) and organics (quinones, VOCs and PAH). Measured OP have significant association with certain PM-related end points, for example, lung cancer, COPD and asthma. Literature has found that exposure to measured OP has higher risk ratios than sole PM mass, which may be containing the PM health-relevant fraction. PM characterization effect on health via OP measurement display a promising method.

scholarly journals Evaluating risks-based communities of Mafia companies: a complex networks perspective

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Giuseppe Castellano ◽  
Roy Cerqueti ◽  
Bruno Maria Franceschetti
Keyword(s):  
Organized Crime ◽  
Financial Risk ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Risk Indicator ◽  
Financial Risks ◽  
Risk Profiles ◽  
Crime Organization ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Risk Ratios

AbstractThis paper presents a data-driven complex network approach, to show similarities and differences—in terms of financial risks—between the companies involved in organized crime businesses and those who are not. At this aim, we construct and explore two networks under the assumption that highly connected companies hold similar financial risk profiles of large entity. Companies risk profiles are captured by a statistically consistent overall risk indicator, which is obtained by suitably aggregating four financial risk ratios. The community structures of the networks are analyzed under a statistical perspective, by implementing a rank-size analysis and by investigating the features of their distributions through entropic comparisons. The theoretical model is empirically validated through a high quality dataset of Italian companies. Results highlights remarkable differences between the considered sets of companies, with a higher heterogeneity and a general higher risk profiles in companies traceable back to a crime organization environment.

Fitness Level and Risk of Weight Gain in Middle-Age Women: A Prospective Cohort Study

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 308-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry Tucker ◽  
Travis Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Middle Age ◽  
Treadmill Test ◽  
Fitness Level ◽  
Food Records ◽  
Increase Risk ◽  
A Prospective Study ◽  
Risk Ratios

Background:This study was conducted to determine if cardiorespiratory fitness at baseline, and changes in fitness, influence risk of weight gain (≥3 kg) over 20 months. Another aim was to ascertain if potential confounding factors, including age, education, strength training, energy intake, and weight, influence risk of weight gain.Methods:In a prospective study of 257 women, fitness (VO2max) was assessed using a graded, maximal treadmill test at baseline and follow-up. Energy intake was measured using 7-day, weighed food records. Subjects were divided into quartiles based on fitness. Risk ratios were used to show the risk of weight gain among those who were fit at baseline compared with their counterparts.Results:Most women gained weight and 23% gained ≥3 kg. Mean VO2max was 35.7 ± 7.2 mL·kg−1·min−1. Women with low-fitness at baseline had 3.18 times (95% CI: 1.46 to 6.93) greater risk, and moderately fit women had 2.24 times (95% CI: 1.04 to 4.82) greater risk of weight gain than women in the high-fitness quartile. Adjusting for potential confounders had little effect on results.Conclusions:High levels of fitness seem to help protect middle-aged women against weight gain, whereas low and moderate fitness increase risk of weight gain over time.

Part 20: On Odds and Risk Ratios

2013 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-9
Author(s):  
Saloni Shah ◽  
Scott Youngquist
Keyword(s):  
Risk Ratios

scholarly journals Diagnostic and therapeutic treatment modalities for acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding: a systematic review

2017 ◽  
Vol 05 (10) ◽  
pp. E959-E973 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn Oakland ◽  
Jennifer Isherwood ◽  
Conor Lahiff ◽  
Petra Goldsmith ◽  
Michael Desborough ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Bleeding ◽  
Flexible Sigmoidoscopy ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Computed Tomographic Angiography ◽  
Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Computed Tomographic ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Tomographic Angiography ◽  
Risk Ratios

Abstract Background and study aims Investigations for lower gastrointestinal bleeding (LGIB) include flexible sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy, computed tomographic angiography (CTA), and angiography. All may be used to direct endoscopic, radiological or surgical treatment, although their optimal use is unknown. The aims of this study were to determine the diagnostic and therapeutic yields of endoscopy, CTA, and angiography for managing LGIB, and their influence on rebleeding, transfusion, and hospital stay. Patients and methods A systematic search of MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, and CENTRAL was undertaken to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and nonrandomized studies of intervention (NRSIs) published between 2000 and 12 November 2015 in patients hospitalized with LGIB. Separate meta-analyses were conducted, presented as pooled odds (ORs) or risk ratios (RR) with 95 % confidence intervals (CIs). Results Two RCTs and 13 NRSIs were included, none of which examined flexible sigmoidoscopy, or compared endotherapy with embolization, or investigated the timing of CTA or angiography. Two NRSIs (57 – 223 participants) comparing colonoscopy and CTA were of insufficient quality for synthesis but showed no difference in diagnostic yields between the two interventions. One RCT and 4 NRSIs (779 participants) compared early colonoscopy (< 24 hours) with colonoscopy performed later; meta-analysis of the NRSIs demonstrated higher diagnostic and therapeutic yields with early colonoscopy (OR 1.86, 95 %CI 1.12 to 2.86, P = 0.004 and OR 3.08, 95 %CI 1.93 to 4.90, P < 0.001, respectively) and reduced length of stay (mean difference 2.64 days, 95 %CI 1.54 to 3.73), but no difference in transfusion or rebleeding. Conclusions In LGIB there is a paucity of high-quality evidence, although the limited studies on the timing of colonoscopy suggest increased rates of diagnosis and therapy with early colonoscopy.

Abstract 13315: Long-term Risk of Cardiovascular Events Following Hospitalization for Sepsis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (Suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leah B Kosyakovsky ◽  
Federico Angriman ◽  
Emma Katz ◽  
Neill Adhikari ◽  
Lucas C Godoy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Cumulative Incidence ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Hazard Ratios ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Sepsis Survivors ◽  
Risk Ratios

Introduction: Sepsis results in dysregulated inflammation, coagulation, and metabolism, which may contribute to increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the association between sepsis and subsequent long-term CVD events. Methods: MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register and Database of Systematic Reviews were searched from inception to May 2020 to identify observational studies of adult sepsis survivors (defined by diagnostic codes or consensus definitions) measuring long-term CV outcomes. The primary outcome was a composite of myocardial infarction, CV death, and stroke. Random-effects models estimated the pooled cumulative incidence and adjusted hazard ratios of CV events relative to hospital or population controls. Odds ratios were included as risk ratios assuming <10% incidence in non-septic controls, and risk ratios were taken as hazard ratios (HR) assuming no censoring. Outcomes were analyzed at maximum follow-up (primary analysis) and stratified by time (<1 year, 1-2 years, and >2 years) since sepsis. Results: Of 11,235 abstracts screened, 25 studies (22 cohort studies, 2 case-crossover studies, and 1 case-control) involving 1,949,793 sepsis survivors were included. The pooled cumulative incidence of CVD events was 9% (95% CI; 5-14%). Sepsis was associated with an increased risk (HR 1.59, 95% CI 1.37-1.86) of CVD events at maximum follow-up ( Figure ); between-study heterogeneity was substantial (I 2 =97.3%). There was no significant difference when comparing studies using population and hospital controls. Significantly elevated risk was observed up to 5 years following sepsis. Conclusions: Sepsis survivors experience an approximately 50% increased risk of CVD events, which may persist for years following the index episode. These results highlight a potential unmet need for early cardiac risk stratification and optimization in sepsis survivors.

Shelter Characteristics, Infection Prevention Practices, and Universal Testing for SARS-CoV-2 at Homeless Shelters in 7 US Urban Areas

2021 ◽  
pp. e1-e6
Author(s):  
Julie L. Self ◽  
Martha P. Montgomery ◽  
Karrie-Ann Toews ◽  
Elizabeth A. Samuels ◽  
Elizabeth Imbert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Infection Prevention ◽  
The United States ◽  
Homeless Shelters ◽  
Infection Prevalence ◽  
Universal Testing ◽  
Modifiable Factors ◽  
High Infection ◽  
Sleeping Arrangements ◽  
Risk Ratios

Objectives. To examine shelter characteristics and infection prevention practices in relation to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection point prevalence during universal testing at homeless shelters in the United States. Methods. SARS-CoV-2 testing was offered to clients and staff at homeless shelters, irrespective of symptoms. Site assessments were conducted from March 30 to June 1, 2020, to collect information on shelter characteristics and infection prevention practices. We assessed the association between SARS-CoV-2 infection prevalence and shelter characteristics, including 20 infection prevention practices by using crude risk ratios (RRs) and exact unconditional 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results. Site assessments and SARS-CoV-2 testing results were reported for 63 homeless shelters in 7 US urban areas. Median infection prevalence was 2.9% (range = 0%–71.4%). Shelters implementing head-to-toe sleeping and excluding symptomatic staff from working were less likely to have high infection prevalence (RR = 0.5; 95% CI = 0.3, 0.8; and RR = 0.5; 95% CI = 0.4, 0.6; respectively); shelters with medical services available were less likely to have very high infection prevalence (RR = 0.5; 95% CI = 0.2, 1.0). Conclusions. Sleeping arrangements and staffing policies are modifiable factors that might be associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection prevalence in homeless shelters. Shelters should follow recommended practices to reduce the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. (Am J Public Health. Published online ahead of print March 18, 2021: e1–e6. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306198 )

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