scholarly journals A North American dust emission climatology (2001–2020) calibrated to dust point sources from satellite observations

2021 ◽  
pp. 100766
Author(s):  
Mark Hennen ◽  
Adrian Chappell ◽  
Brandon L. Edwards ◽  
Akasha M. Faist ◽  
Tarek Kandakji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Dust Emission ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Satellite Observations

scholarly journals Inverting the East Asian Dust Emission Fluxes Using the Ensemble Kalman Smoother and Himawari-8 AODs: A Case Study with WRF-Chem v3.5.1

Atmosphere ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 543
Author(s):  
Dai ◽  
Cheng ◽  
Goto ◽  
Schutgens ◽  
Kikuchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dust Emission ◽  
Asian Dust ◽  
Geostationary Satellite ◽  
Satellite Observations ◽  
Dust Emissions ◽  
Total Dust ◽  
Kalman Smoother ◽  
Independent Observations ◽  
Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer ◽  
Horizontal And Vertical Distributions

We present the inversions (back-calculations or optimizations) of dust emissions for a severe winter dust event over East Asia in November 2016. The inversion system based on a fixed-lag ensemble Kalman smoother is newly implemented in the Weather Research and Forecasting model and is coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem). The assimilated observations are the hourly aerosol optical depths (AODs) from the next-generation geostationary satellite Himawari-8. The posterior total dust emissions (2.59 Tg) for this event are 3.8 times higher than the priori total dust emissions (0.68 Tg) during 25–27 November 2016. The net result is that the simulated aerosol horizontal and vertical distributions are both in better agreement with the assimilated Himawari-8 observations and independent observations from the ground-based AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET), the satellite-based Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO). The developed emission inversion approach, combined with the geostationary satellite observations, can be very helpful for properly estimating the Asian dust emissions.

scholarly journals The effect of point sources on satellite observations of the cosmic microwave background

1999 ◽  
Vol 306 (1) ◽  
pp. 232-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. P. Hobson ◽  
R. B. Barreiro ◽  
L. Toffolatti ◽  
A. N. Lasenby ◽  
J. L. Sanz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Microwave Background ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Satellite Observations ◽  
Microwave Background

Examining the accuracy of satellite retrievals of trace-gas emissions and lifetimes using high-resolution plume modelling.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoe Davis ◽  
Debora Griffin ◽  
Yue Jia ◽  
Susann Tegtmeier ◽  
Mallory Loria ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Direction ◽  
Vertical Profile ◽  
Trace Gases ◽  
Meteorological Conditions ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Satellite Observations ◽  
Trace Gas ◽  
Vertical Column ◽  
Retrieval Method ◽  
The Impact

<p>A recent method uses satellite measurements to estimate lifetimes and emissions of trace-gases from point sources (Fioletov et al., 2015). Emissions are retrieved by fitting measured vertical column densities (VCDs) of trace-gases to a three-dimensional function of the wind speed and spatial coordinates. In this study, a plume model generated “synthetic” satellite observations of prescribed emissions to examine the accuracy of the retrieved emissions. The Lagrangian transport and dispersion model FLEXPART (v10.0) modelled the plume from a point source over a multi-day simulation period at a resolution much higher than current satellite observations. The study aims to determine how various assumptions in the retrieval method and local meteorological conditions affect the accuracy and precision of emissions. These assumptions include that the use of a vertical mean of the wind profile is representative of the transport of the plume’s vertical column. In the retrieval method, the VCDs’ pixel locations are rotated around the source based on wind direction so that all plumes have a common wind direction. Retrievals using a vertical mean wind for rotation will be compared to retrievals using VCDs determined by rotating each altitude of the vertical profile of trace-gas using the respective wind-direction. The impact of local meteorological factors on the two approaches will be presented, including atmospheric mixing, vertical wind shear, and boundary layer height. The study aims to suggest which altitude(s) of the vertical profile of winds results in the most accurate retrievals given the local meteorological conditions. The study will also examine the impact on retrieval accuracy due to satellite resolution, trace-gas lifetime, plume source altitude, number of overpasses, and random and systematic errors. Sensitivity studies repeated using a second, “line-density”, retrieval method will also be presented (Adams et al., 2019; Goldberg et al., 2019).</p>

scholarly journals NH<sub>3</sub> emissions from large point sources derived from CrIS and IASI satellite observations

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (19) ◽  
pp. 12261-12293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrico Dammers ◽  
Chris A. McLinden ◽  
Debora Griffin ◽  
Mark W. Shephard ◽  
Shelley Van Der Graaf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Reactive Nitrogen Species ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Satellite Observations ◽  
Atmospheric Sounding ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Current Emission ◽  
Cross Track

Abstract. Ammonia (NH3) is an essential reactive nitrogen species in the biosphere and through its use in agriculture in the form of fertilizer (important for sustaining humankind). The current emission levels, however, are up to 4 times higher than in the previous century and continue to grow with uncertain consequences to human health and the environment. While NH3 at its current levels is a hazard to environmental and human health, the atmospheric budget is still highly uncertain, which is a product of an overall lack of measurements. The capability to measure NH3 with satellites has opened up new ways to study the atmospheric NH3 budget. In this study, we present the first estimates of NH3 emissions, lifetimes and plume widths from large (>∼5 kt yr−1) agricultural and industrial point sources from Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) satellite observations across the globe with a consistent methodology. The same methodology is also applied to the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) (A and B) satellite observations, and we show that the satellites typically provide comparable results that are within the uncertainty of the estimates. The computed NH3 lifetime for large point sources is on average 2.35±1.16 h. For the 249 sources with emission levels detectable by the CrIS satellite, there are currently 55 locations missing (or underestimated by more than an order of magnitude) from the current Hemispheric Transport Atmospheric Pollution version 2 (HTAPv2) emission inventory and only 72 locations with emissions within a factor of 2 compared to the inventories. The CrIS emission estimates give a total of 5622 kt yr−1, for the sources analyzed in this study, which is around a factor of ∼2.5 higher than the emissions reported in HTAPv2. Furthermore, the study shows that it is possible to accurately detect short- and long-term changes in emissions, demonstrating the possibility of using satellite-observed NH3 to constrain emission inventories.

scholarly journals Continuum Wavelength Emission from Embedded, Young, and Massive Stellar Objects Beyond 1 μm

1990 ◽  
Vol 139 ◽  
pp. 113-114
Author(s):  
Thomas Henning ◽  
Werner Pfau
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Clouds ◽  
Dust Emission ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Hii Regions ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Color Temperature ◽  
Stellar Objects ◽  
Ob Stars ◽  
Infrared Background ◽  
Wavelength Emission

One of the components of the galactic infrared background (GIRB) radiation is emission by warm dust grains heated by OB stars embedded in molecular clouds. The main contributors are compact HII regions and comparatively radioquiet infrared (IR) point sources such as the Becklin-Neugebauer object. We present the average energy distribution between 1 and 1300 μm for a sample of BN-type objects. The average color temperature between 60 and 100 μm is ~40 K, which is very similar to the color temperature of the observed warm galactic dust emission (WGDE).

scholarly journals NH<sub>3</sub> emissions from large point sources derived from CrIS and IASI satellite observations

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrico Dammers ◽  
Chris A. McLinden ◽  
Debora Griffin ◽  
Mark W. Shephard ◽  
Shelley Van Der Graaf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Reactive Nitrogen Species ◽  
Emission Inventory ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Satellite Observations ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Current Emission ◽  
Human Kind

Abstract. Ammonia (NH3) is an essential reactive nitrogen species in the biosphere and through its use in agriculture in the form of fertilizer important for sustaining human kind. The current emission levels however, are up to four times higher than in the previous century and continue to grow with uncertain consequences to human health and the environment. While NH3 at its current levels is a hazard to the environmental and human health the atmospheric budget is still highly uncertain, which is a product of an overall lack of measurements. The capability to measure NH3 with satellites has opened up new ways to study the atmospheric NH3 budget. In this study we present the first estimates of NH3 emissions, lifetimes, and plume widths from large (> ~ 5 kt/yr) agricultural and industrial point sources from CrIS satellite observations across the globe with a consistent methodology. The same methodology is also applied to the IASI (A and B) satellite observations and we show that the satellites typically provide comparable results that are within the uncertainty of the estimates. The computed NH3 lifetime for large point sources is on average 2.35 ± 1.16 hours. For the 249 sources with emission levels detectable by the CrIS satellite, there are currently 55 locations missing (or underestimated by more than an order of magnitude) from the current HTAPv2 emission inventory, and only 72 locations with emissions within a factor 2 compared to the inventories. We find a total of 5622 kt/yr, for the sources analyzed in this study, which is equivalent to a factor ~ 2.5 between the CrIS estimated and HTAPv2 emissions. Furthermore, the study shows that it is possible to accurately detect short and long-term changes in emissions, demonstrating the possibility of using satellite observed NH3 to constrain emission inventories.

scholarly journals New inventory of dust sources in Central Asia derived from the daily MODIS imagery

2019 ◽  
Vol 99 ◽  
pp. 01001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamad Nobakht ◽  
Maria Shahgedanova ◽  
Kevin White
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Salt Lake ◽  
Dust Emission ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Western China ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Dust Emissions ◽  
Lop Nur ◽  
Modis Imagery ◽  
Ustyurt Plateau

This paper presents the first inventory of dust emission sources in Central Asia and western China (35-50°N, 50-100°E) derived from the twice daily MODIS imagery from 2003-2012. The high-resolution (1 km) dust enhancement product was generated and used to produce maps of dust point sources and gridded data sets of dust emission frequencies. The most active dust emissions were observed in the eastern part of the Tarim basin (Lop Nur salt lake) followed by the Aralkum. A high frequency of dust emissions was recorded in the regions which were not reported in literature to date: the upper Amudarya region in northern Afghanistan and the Pre-Aral region (from the Ustyurt Plateau to the Betpak Dala desert). Dust emissions were associated mainly with the fluvial features (dry river beds and lakes), agricultural activities and fire damage to vegetation. In the eastern and northern parts of the study region and in the Aralkum, dust emissions peaked in spring while in the western and southern parts, they peaked in summer. The Aralkum exhibited a consistent growth in the frequency and intensity of dust emissions and similar but weaker trends were observed in the Karakum and Kyzylkum.

scholarly journals A very high-resolution global fossil fuel CO<sub>2</sub> emission inventory derived using a point source database and satellite observations of nighttime lights, 1980–2007

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 16307-16344 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Oda ◽  
S. Maksyutov
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Point Source ◽  
Emission Inventory ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Satellite Observations ◽  
Source Database ◽  
Nighttime Lights

Abstract. Emissions of CO2 from fossil fuel combustion are a critical quantity that must be accurately given in established flux inversion frameworks. Work with emerging satellite-based inversions requires spatiotemporally-detailed inventories that permit analysis of regional sources and sinks. Conventional approaches for disaggregating national emissions beyond the country and city levels based on population distribution have certain difficulties in their application. We developed a global 1 km×1 km fossil fuel CO2 emission inventory for the years 1980–2007 by combining a worldwide point source database and satellite observations of the global nightlight distribution. In addition to estimating the national emissions using global energy consumption statistics, emissions from point sources were estimated separately and were spatially allocated to exact locations indicated by the point source database. Emissions from other sources were distributed using a special nightlight dataset that had fewer saturated pixels compared with regular nightlight datasets. The resulting spatial distributions differed in several ways from those derived using conventional population-based approaches. Because of the inherent characteristics of the nightlight distribution, source regions corresponding to human settlements and land transportation were well articulated. Our distributions showed good agreement with a high-resolution inventory across the US at spatial resolutions that were adequate for regional flux inversions. The inventory will be incorporated into models for operational flux inversions that use observational data from the Japanese Greenhouse Gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT).

scholarly journals High-frequency monitoring of anomalous methane point sources with multispectral Sentinel-2 satellite observations

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel J. Varon ◽  
Dylan Jervis ◽  
Jason McKeever ◽  
Ian Spence ◽  
David Gains ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Point Source ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Satellite Observations ◽  
Landsat 8 ◽  
Pixel Resolution ◽  
Spectral Bands ◽  
Frequency Monitoring ◽  
Sentinel 2

Abstract. We demonstrate the capability of the Sentinel-2 MultiSpectral satellite Instrument (MSI) to detect and quantify large methane point sources with fine pixel resolution (20 m) and rapid revisit rates (2–5 days). We present three methane column retrieval methods that use shortwave infrared (SWIR) measurements from MSI spectral bands 11 (~1560–1660 nm) and 12 (~2090–2290 nm) to detect atmospheric methane plumes. The most successful is the multi-band/multi-pass (MBMP) method, which uses a combination of the two bands and a non-plume control observation to retrieve methane columns. The MBMP method can quantify point sources down to about 3 t h−1 with precision of ~30 %–90 % (1σ) over favourable (quasi-homogeneous) surfaces. We applied our methods to perform high-frequency monitoring of strong methane point source plumes from a well-pad device in the Hassi Messaoud oil field of Algeria (October 2019 to August 2020, observed every 2.5 days) and from a compressor station in the Korpezhe oil/gas field of Turkmenistan (August 2015 to November 2020, observed every 5 days). The Algerian source was detected in 93 % of cloud-free scenes, with source rates ranging from 2.6 to 51.9 t h−1 (averaging 9.3 t h−1) until it was shut down by a flare lit in August 2020. The Turkmen source was detected in 40 % of cloud-free scenes, with variable intermittency and a 9-month shutdown period in March-December 2019 before it resumed; source rates ranged from 3.5 to 92.9 t h−1 (averaging 20.5 t h−1). Our source rate retrievals for the Korpezhe point source are in close agreement with GHGSat-D satellite observations for February 2018 to January 2019, but provide much higher observation density. Our methods can be readily applied to other satellite instruments with coarse SWIR spectral bands, such as Landsat-7 and Landsat-8. High-frequency satellite-based detection of anomalous methane point sources as demonstrated here could enable prompt corrective action to help reduce global methane emissions.

Supplementary material to "NH<sub>3</sub> emissions from large point sources derived from CrIS and IASI satellite observations"

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrico Dammers ◽  
Chris A. McLinden ◽  
Debora Griffin ◽  
Mark W. Shephard ◽  
Shelley Van Der Graaf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Point Sources ◽  
Satellite Observations ◽  
Supplementary Material
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