scholarly journals A very high-resolution global fossil fuel CO<sub>2</sub> emission inventory derived using a point source database and satellite observations of nighttime lights, 1980–2007

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 16307-16344 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Oda ◽  
S. Maksyutov
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Point Source ◽  
Emission Inventory ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Satellite Observations ◽  
Source Database ◽  
Nighttime Lights

Abstract. Emissions of CO2 from fossil fuel combustion are a critical quantity that must be accurately given in established flux inversion frameworks. Work with emerging satellite-based inversions requires spatiotemporally-detailed inventories that permit analysis of regional sources and sinks. Conventional approaches for disaggregating national emissions beyond the country and city levels based on population distribution have certain difficulties in their application. We developed a global 1 km×1 km fossil fuel CO2 emission inventory for the years 1980–2007 by combining a worldwide point source database and satellite observations of the global nightlight distribution. In addition to estimating the national emissions using global energy consumption statistics, emissions from point sources were estimated separately and were spatially allocated to exact locations indicated by the point source database. Emissions from other sources were distributed using a special nightlight dataset that had fewer saturated pixels compared with regular nightlight datasets. The resulting spatial distributions differed in several ways from those derived using conventional population-based approaches. Because of the inherent characteristics of the nightlight distribution, source regions corresponding to human settlements and land transportation were well articulated. Our distributions showed good agreement with a high-resolution inventory across the US at spatial resolutions that were adequate for regional flux inversions. The inventory will be incorporated into models for operational flux inversions that use observational data from the Japanese Greenhouse Gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT).

scholarly journals A very high-resolution (1 km×1 km) global fossil fuel CO<sub>2</sub> emission inventory derived using a point source database and satellite observations of nighttime lights

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 543-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Oda ◽  
S. Maksyutov
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Point Source ◽  
Emission Inventory ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Satellite Observations ◽  
Source Database ◽  
Nighttime Lights

Abstract. Emissions of CO2 from fossil fuel combustion are a critical quantity that must be accurately given in established flux inversion frameworks. Work with emerging satellite-based inversions requires spatiotemporally-detailed inventories that permit analysis of regional natural sources and sinks. Conventional approaches for disaggregating national emissions beyond the country and city levels based on population distribution have certain difficulties in their application. We developed a global 1 km×1 km annual fossil fuel CO2 emission inventory for the years 1980–2007 by combining a worldwide point source database and satellite observations of the global nightlight distribution. In addition to estimating the national emissions using global energy consumption statistics, emissions from point sources were estimated separately and were spatially allocated to exact locations indicated by the point source database. Emissions from other sources were distributed using a special nightlight dataset that had fewer saturated pixels compared with regular nightlight datasets. The resulting spatial distributions differed in several ways from those derived using conventional population-based approaches. Because of the inherent characteristics of the nightlight distribution, source regions corresponding to human settlements and land transportation were well articulated. Our distributions showed good agreement with a high-resolution inventory across the US at spatial resolutions that were adequate for regional flux inversions. The inventory can be extended to the future using updated data, and is expected to be incorporated into models for operational flux inversions that use observational data from the Japanese Greenhouse Gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT).

scholarly journals TNO-MACC_II emission inventory; a multi-year (2003–2009) consistent high-resolution European emission inventory for air quality modelling

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (20) ◽  
pp. 10963-10976 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. P. Kuenen ◽  
A. J. H. Visschedijk ◽  
M. Jozwicka ◽  
H. A. C. Denier van der Gon
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Emission Inventory ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Air Quality Modelling ◽  
Emission Data ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Spatially Distributed ◽  
Reported Data

Abstract. Emissions to air are reported by countries to EMEP. The emissions data are used for country compliance checking with EU emission ceilings and associated emission reductions. The emissions data are also necessary as input for air quality modelling. The quality of these "official" emissions varies across Europe. As alternative to these official emissions, a spatially explicit high-resolution emission inventory (7 × 7 km) for UNECE-Europe for all years between 2003 and 2009 for the main air pollutants was made. The primary goal was to supply air quality modellers with the input they need. The inventory was constructed by using the reported emission national totals by sector where the quality is sufficient. The reported data were analysed by sector in detail, and completed with alternative emission estimates as needed. This resulted in a complete emission inventory for all countries. For particulate matter, for each source emissions have been split in coarse and fine particulate matter, and further disaggregated to EC, OC, SO4, Na and other minerals using fractions based on the literature. Doing this at the most detailed sectoral level in the database implies that a consistent set was obtained across Europe. This allows better comparisons with observational data which can, through feedback, help to further identify uncertain sources and/or support emission inventory improvements for this highly uncertain pollutant. The resulting emission data set was spatially distributed consistently across all countries by using proxy parameters. Point sources were spatially distributed using the specific location of the point source. The spatial distribution for the point sources was made year-specific. The TNO-MACC_II is an update of the TNO-MACC emission data set. Major updates included the time extension towards 2009, use of the latest available reported data (including updates and corrections made until early 2012) and updates in distribution maps.

scholarly journals Joint inverse estimation of fossil fuel and biogenic CO2 fluxes in an urban environment: An observing system simulation experiment to assess the impact of multiple uncertainties

Elem Sci Anth ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Wu ◽  
Thomas Lauvaux ◽  
Kenneth J. Davis ◽  
Aijun Deng ◽  
Israel Lopez Coto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Urban Environment ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Atmospheric Transport ◽  
System Simulation ◽  
Co2 Flux ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Co2 Fluxes ◽  
The Impact

The Indianapolis Flux Experiment aims to utilize a variety of atmospheric measurements and a high-resolution inversion system to estimate the temporal and spatial variation of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions from an urban environment. We present a Bayesian inversion system solving for fossil fuel and biogenic CO2 fluxes over the city of Indianapolis, IN. Both components were described at 1 km resolution to represent point sources and fine-scale structures such as highways in the a priori fluxes. With a series of Observing System Simulation Experiments, we evaluate the sensitivity of inverse flux estimates to various measurement deployment strategies and errors. We also test the impacts of flux error structures, biogenic CO2 fluxes and atmospheric transport errors on estimating fossil fuel CO2 emissions and their uncertainties. The results indicate that high-accuracy and high-precision measurements produce significant improvement in fossil fuel CO2 flux estimates. Systematic measurement errors of 1 ppm produce significantly biased inverse solutions, degrading the accuracy of retrieved emissions by about 1 µmol m–2 s–1 compared to the spatially averaged anthropogenic CO2 emissions of 5 µmol m–2 s–1. The presence of biogenic CO2 fluxes (similar magnitude to the anthropogenic fluxes) limits our ability to correct for random and systematic emission errors. However, assimilating continuous fossil fuel CO2 measurements with 1 ppm random error in addition to total CO2 measurements can partially compensate for the interference from biogenic CO2 fluxes. Moreover, systematic and random flux errors can be further reduced by reducing model-data mismatch errors caused by atmospheric transport uncertainty. Finally, the precision of the inverse flux estimate is highly sensitive to the correlation length scale in the prior emission errors. This work suggests that improved fossil fuel CO2 measurement technology, and better understanding of both prior flux and atmospheric transport errors are essential to improve the accuracy and precision of high-resolution urban CO2 flux estimates.

scholarly journals NH<sub>3</sub> emissions from large point sources derived from CrIS and IASI satellite observations

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrico Dammers ◽  
Chris A. McLinden ◽  
Debora Griffin ◽  
Mark W. Shephard ◽  
Shelley Van Der Graaf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Reactive Nitrogen Species ◽  
Emission Inventory ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Satellite Observations ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Current Emission ◽  
Human Kind

Abstract. Ammonia (NH3) is an essential reactive nitrogen species in the biosphere and through its use in agriculture in the form of fertilizer important for sustaining human kind. The current emission levels however, are up to four times higher than in the previous century and continue to grow with uncertain consequences to human health and the environment. While NH3 at its current levels is a hazard to the environmental and human health the atmospheric budget is still highly uncertain, which is a product of an overall lack of measurements. The capability to measure NH3 with satellites has opened up new ways to study the atmospheric NH3 budget. In this study we present the first estimates of NH3 emissions, lifetimes, and plume widths from large (> ~ 5 kt/yr) agricultural and industrial point sources from CrIS satellite observations across the globe with a consistent methodology. The same methodology is also applied to the IASI (A and B) satellite observations and we show that the satellites typically provide comparable results that are within the uncertainty of the estimates. The computed NH3 lifetime for large point sources is on average 2.35 ± 1.16 hours. For the 249 sources with emission levels detectable by the CrIS satellite, there are currently 55 locations missing (or underestimated by more than an order of magnitude) from the current HTAPv2 emission inventory, and only 72 locations with emissions within a factor 2 compared to the inventories. We find a total of 5622 kt/yr, for the sources analyzed in this study, which is equivalent to a factor ~ 2.5 between the CrIS estimated and HTAPv2 emissions. Furthermore, the study shows that it is possible to accurately detect short and long-term changes in emissions, demonstrating the possibility of using satellite observed NH3 to constrain emission inventories.

scholarly journals High-frequency monitoring of anomalous methane point sources with multispectral Sentinel-2 satellite observations

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel J. Varon ◽  
Dylan Jervis ◽  
Jason McKeever ◽  
Ian Spence ◽  
David Gains ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Point Source ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Satellite Observations ◽  
Landsat 8 ◽  
Pixel Resolution ◽  
Spectral Bands ◽  
Frequency Monitoring ◽  
Sentinel 2

Abstract. We demonstrate the capability of the Sentinel-2 MultiSpectral satellite Instrument (MSI) to detect and quantify large methane point sources with fine pixel resolution (20 m) and rapid revisit rates (2–5 days). We present three methane column retrieval methods that use shortwave infrared (SWIR) measurements from MSI spectral bands 11 (~1560–1660 nm) and 12 (~2090–2290 nm) to detect atmospheric methane plumes. The most successful is the multi-band/multi-pass (MBMP) method, which uses a combination of the two bands and a non-plume control observation to retrieve methane columns. The MBMP method can quantify point sources down to about 3 t h−1 with precision of ~30 %–90 % (1σ) over favourable (quasi-homogeneous) surfaces. We applied our methods to perform high-frequency monitoring of strong methane point source plumes from a well-pad device in the Hassi Messaoud oil field of Algeria (October 2019 to August 2020, observed every 2.5 days) and from a compressor station in the Korpezhe oil/gas field of Turkmenistan (August 2015 to November 2020, observed every 5 days). The Algerian source was detected in 93 % of cloud-free scenes, with source rates ranging from 2.6 to 51.9 t h−1 (averaging 9.3 t h−1) until it was shut down by a flare lit in August 2020. The Turkmen source was detected in 40 % of cloud-free scenes, with variable intermittency and a 9-month shutdown period in March-December 2019 before it resumed; source rates ranged from 3.5 to 92.9 t h−1 (averaging 20.5 t h−1). Our source rate retrievals for the Korpezhe point source are in close agreement with GHGSat-D satellite observations for February 2018 to January 2019, but provide much higher observation density. Our methods can be readily applied to other satellite instruments with coarse SWIR spectral bands, such as Landsat-7 and Landsat-8. High-frequency satellite-based detection of anomalous methane point sources as demonstrated here could enable prompt corrective action to help reduce global methane emissions.

scholarly journals Quantifying CO emission rates of industrial point sources from TROPOMI observations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuan Tian ◽  
Youwen Sun ◽  
Tobias Borsdorff ◽  
Cheng Liu ◽  
Ting Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Point Source ◽  
Emission Inventory ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Industrial Park ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Environment Policy ◽  
Inversion Methods ◽  
First Time ◽  
Co Emission ◽  
Co Observations

Abstract This work demonstrates for the first time the capability of Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) routine operations to quantify CO emission rates down to industrial point sources. We have quantified CO emission rates of four industrial point sources in Asia (i.e., Qianlishan industrial park (39.9°N, 106.9°E), Jiuyuan industrial park (40.7°N, 109.7°E) and Botian industrial park (42.2°N, 125.2°E) in China, and Jindal Factory (15.2°N, 76.7°E) in India) with TROPOMI CO observations from 2017 to 2020. The Qianlishan industrial park is a missing source in emission inventory and we quantify it to be ~14.0 kg/s. Our estimates for other three sources vary over 14.4 to 34.3 kg/s, which are within 37–69% of the inventory values. The plume inversion methods are presented in a manner that can be easily used to other fine-scale emission plumes observed from space. Though only a small number of CO plumes per year for any given industrial point source can be observed in conditions suitable for emission rates estimation, there are many industrial point sources can be captured by a good TROPOMI footprint. This work affirms that a constellation of future CO satellites could monitor individual CO point source emissions to support environment policy.

Deriving High-Resolution Emission Inventory of Open Biomass Burning in China based on Satellite Observations

2016 ◽  
Vol 50 (21) ◽  
pp. 11779-11786 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xionghui Qiu ◽  
Lei Duan ◽  
Fahe Chai ◽  
Shuxiao Wang ◽  
Qian Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Emission Inventory ◽  
Satellite Observations

scholarly journals Nepal Emission Inventory (NEEMI): a high resolution technology-based bottom-up emissions inventory for Nepal 2001–2016

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pankaj Sadavarte ◽  
Maheswar Rupakheti ◽  
Prakash V. Bhave ◽  
Kiran Shakya ◽  
Mark G. Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Emission Inventory ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Total Energy Consumption ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Open Burning

Abstract. The lack of a comprehensive, up-to-date emission inventory for the Himalayan region is a major challenge in understanding the regional air pollution, including its impacts, mitigation, and the relevant atmospheric processes. This study develops a high resolution (1 km × 1 km) present-day emission inventory for Nepal with a higher-tier approach (detailed) to understanding the current combustion technologies and sectoral energy consumption. We estimate emissions of aerosols, trace gases and greenhouse gases from five energy-use sectors (residential, industry, commercial, agriculture and transport) and an open-burning source (agro-residue) for the period 2001–2016 (with 2011 as the base year), using bottom-up methodologies. Newly-measured country-specific emission factors (EFs) are used for emission estimates. It is estimated that the national total energy consumption in 2011 was 378 PJ with the residential sector being the largest energy consumer (79 %), followed by the industry (11 %) and transport (7 %) sectors. Biomass is the dominant energy source contributing 88 % to national total energy consumption, while the share of fossil fuel is only 12 %. With regards to open burning of the crop waste, it is estimated that 9.3 million tons of agro-waste was burned after harvesting crops in 2011. Nationally, 8.4 Tg CO2, 666 Gg CH4, 2.5 Gg N2O, 72 Gg NOX, 1984 Gg CO, 477 Gg NMVOC, 239 Gg PM2.5, 28 Gg BC, 99 Gg OC and 28 Gg SO2 were emitted from these sources in 2011. The energy consumption was also estimated for each year for the period 2001–2016 which shows an increase by a factor of 1.6 in 2016, while the emissions of various species increased by a factor of 1.2–2.4 with respect to 2001. An assessment of the top polluting technologies shows high emissions from traditional cookstoves using firewood, dungcakes, and agricultural residues, and open burning emissions of wood and residues. In addition, high emissions were also encountered from fixed chimney Bull's Trench kilns for brick production, cement kilns, two-wheeler gasoline vehicles, heavy diesel freight vehicles and kerosene lamps. A GIS-based gridded 1 km × 1 km population density map incorporating land-use and land cover data, settlement points, and topography was used for the spatial distribution of residential emissions. Geospatial locations were assigned to point sources, while activity-based proxies were used for other sources. Emissions were apportioned across different months from brick production, the agriculture sector, diesel generators, and space and water heating, using respective temporal variations of the activities. It was found that April had the maximum PM2.5 emissions, followed by December, January and February. Also, a wide variation in emissions distribution was found, highlighting the pockets of growing urbanization and the detailed knowledge about the emission sources. These emissions will be of value for further studies, especially air quality modelling studies focused on understanding the likely effectiveness of air pollution mitigation measures in Nepal.

Downscaling fossil-fuel CO2 emissions to policy relevant scales: Current errors and biases, expected improvements, and future perspectives

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomohiro Oda ◽  
Rostyslav Bun ◽  
Miguel Román ◽  
Zhuosen Wang ◽  
Ranjay Shrestha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Emission Inventories ◽  
Source Information ◽  
Atmospheric Concentration ◽  
Geospatial Modeling ◽  
Good Opportunity ◽  
Science And Policy ◽  
Nighttime Lights ◽  
Error Characterization

&lt;p&gt;Many of the global and regional gridded emission inventories used in atmospheric are based on downscaling techniques. &amp;#160;Regardless of their limitations compared to locally-constructed mechanistic emission inventories, such gridded datasets will keep a key role of transferring the information reported as emission inventories into science-based emission verification support (EVS) systems. &amp;#160;Given the use of inverse modeling in the EVS systems, characterizing errors and biases associated with the downscaled emission field is critical in order to obtain robust verification results.&amp;#160; However, such error characterization is often challenging due to the lack of objective metrics.&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160; This study compares downscaled emissions from the ODIAC global high-resolution dataset to values taken from the reported inventories and from other independent emission products with the intent of assessing the validity (e.g., error, bias, or accuracy ) of downscaled emissions databases at different policy relevant scales. &amp;#160;ODIAC is based on its flagship high-resolution emission downscaling using satellite-observed nighttime lights (NTL) and point source information.&amp;#160; The sole use of the NTL proxy for diffuse emissions has limitations.&amp;#160; However, that provides a good opportunity to solely evaluate the performance of NTL as an emission proxy.&amp;#160; It is now relatively straightforward to create detailed, high-resolution emission maps due to the advancements in geospatial modeling.&amp;#160; However, such geospatial modeling techniques, which combine multiple pieces of information from different sources, are often neither validated nor even carefully evaluated.&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160; As commonly done in previous emission uncertainty studies, we use the differences and agreements as a proxy for errors and improvements. &amp;#160;We collect emission information reported at policy relevant scales, such as state/province/prefecture, cities and facility level (only for point sources).&amp;#160; We also use locally-constructed fine-grained emission inventories as a quasi-truth for the emission distribution.&amp;#160; We also assess the performance of NASA&amp;#8217;s Black Marble NTL product suites as a new emission proxy in relation to current the ODIAC proxy that is based on older NTL datasets.&amp;#160; We also look at how these emission differences translate into atmospheric concentration differences using high-resolution WRF simulations.&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160; Based on results from the comparison, we identify and discuss the challenges and limitations in the use of downscaled emissions in carbon monitoring at different policy-relevant scales, especially at the city level, and propose possible ways to overcome some of the challenges and provide emission fields that are useful for both science and policy applications.&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;

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