scholarly journals Scavenging and recycling deep soil nitrogen using cover crops on mid-Atlantic, USA farms

2021 ◽  
Vol 309 ◽  
pp. 107274
Author(s):  
Sarah M. Hirsh ◽  
Sjoerd W. Duiker ◽  
Jeff Graybill ◽  
Kelly Nichols ◽  
Ray R. Weil
Keyword(s):  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Deep Soil

scholarly journals Cover Crop Contributions to Improve the Soil Nitrogen and Carbon Sequestration in Almond Orchards (SW Spain)

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 387
Author(s):  
Miguel A. Repullo-Ruibérriz de Torres ◽  
Manuel Moreno-García ◽  
Rafaela Ordóñez-Fernández ◽  
Antonio Rodríguez-Lizana ◽  
Belén Cárceles Rodríguez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Nitrate Content ◽  
Sw Spain ◽  
Sequestration Potential ◽  
Almond Orchards ◽  
Shallow Soils

Almond (Prunus dulcis Mill. [D.A. Webb]) is the third most widely spread crop in Spain and has traditionally been cultivated in marginal areas and shallow soils under rainfed conditions. However, it recently has been progressively introduced in flat irrigated areas. The implementation of cover crops in the inter-rows of woody crops has been proven as a suitable strategy to reduce the runoff and soil erosion but they also can boost soil quality and health. A field experiment was conducted during two-monitoring seasons to examine the soil nitrogen and carbon sequestration potential of three seeded cover crops [barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), and a mixture of 65% barley and 35% vetch] and a control of spontaneous flora in irrigated almond orchards (SW Spain). Here, we show that barley provided the highest biomass amount, followed by mixture covers, vetch, and the control treatment. Also, vetch covered the soil faster in the growing stage, but its residues were decomposed easier than barley and mixture treatments during the decomposition period after mowing, providing less soil protection when the risk of water erosion with autumn rainfall is high. On the other hand, vetch improved soil nitrate content by over 35% with respect to barley and mixture treatments at 0–20 cm soil depth throughout the studied period. In addition, a greater carbon input to the soil was determined in the barley plot. That is, the mixture and barley cover crops had higher potential for carbon sequestration, augmenting the soil organic carbon by more than 1.0 Mg ha−1 during the study period. Thus, taking into consideration the findings of the present experiment, the establishment of a seeded cover crop would be more advisable than spontaneous flora to mitigate soil erosion, enhancing soil fertility and carbon sequestration in irrigated almond plantations in Mediterranean semi-arid regions.

Corn yield and soil nitrogen following winter annual cover crops interseeded into soybean

Crop Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 2667-2682
Author(s):  
Robert Norris ◽  
Bee Khim Chim ◽  
Gregory Evanylo ◽  
Mark Reiter ◽  
Wade Thomason
Keyword(s):  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Corn Yield ◽  
Winter Annual

scholarly journals Permafrost carbon−climate feedback is sensitive to deep soil carbon decomposability but not deep soil nitrogen dynamics

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (12) ◽  
pp. 3752-3757 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles D. Koven ◽  
David M. Lawrence ◽  
William J. Riley
Keyword(s):  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
Carbon Balance ◽  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
Nitrogen Dynamics ◽  
Permafrost Region ◽  
Deep Soil ◽  
Surface Soils ◽  
Permafrost Thaw ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Impact

Permafrost soils contain enormous amounts of organic carbon whose stability is contingent on remaining frozen. With future warming, these soils may release carbon to the atmosphere and act as a positive feedback to climate change. Significant uncertainty remains on the postthaw carbon dynamics of permafrost-affected ecosystems, in particular since most of the carbon resides at depth where decomposition dynamics may differ from surface soils, and since nitrogen mineralized by decomposition may enhance plant growth. Here we show, using a carbon−nitrogen model that includes permafrost processes forced in an unmitigated warming scenario, that the future carbon balance of the permafrost region is highly sensitive to the decomposability of deeper carbon, with the net balance ranging from 21 Pg C to 164 Pg C losses by 2300. Increased soil nitrogen mineralization reduces nutrient limitations, but the impact of deep nitrogen on the carbon budget is small due to enhanced nitrogen availability from warming surface soils and seasonal asynchrony between deeper nitrogen availability and plant nitrogen demands. Although nitrogen dynamics are highly uncertain, the future carbon balance of this region is projected to hinge more on the rate and extent of permafrost thaw and soil decomposition than on enhanced nitrogen availability for vegetation growth resulting from permafrost thaw.

scholarly journals Effect of Soil Solarization and Cover Crops on Populations of Selected Soilborne Plant Pathogens in Western Oregon

Plant Disease ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 84 (9) ◽  
pp. 952-960 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. N. Pinkerton ◽  
K. L. Ivors ◽  
M. L. Miller ◽  
L. W. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Phytophthora Cinnamomi ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Soil Solarization ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Deep Soil ◽  
Soil Pathogens

Field experiments were conducted in silty-clay loam in Corvallis, OR during the summers of 1995 and 1996 to study the effects of green manure cover crops (Sudan grass, rape, and barley), soil solarization, soil fumigation, and combinations of those treatments on population densities of soil pathogens Verticillium dahliae, Phytophthora cinnamomi, Pratylenchus penetrans, and Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Nylon mesh bags containing soil infested with V. dahliae and Phytophthora cinnamomiwere buried 5, 10, 20, and 30 cm deep. Soil solarization was performed over a 54- to 59-day period using a 0.6-mil clear polyethylene film. Maximum soil temperatures recorded at depths of 5, 10, 20, and 30 cm were 53, 48, 39, and 34°C in solarized soil, respectively; these temperatures were 8 to 16°C higher than in corresponding nonsolarized plots. Soil samples were collected before, during, and after solarization to quantify pathogen populations at those four depths. Pot or field studies were conducted subsequent to treatments to determine the effects of treatments on susceptible plants. Soil solarization, cover crops plus solarization, or fumigation with metam sodium resulted in a significant decrease (P< 0.05) in density of P. cinnamomi populations at all four depths and reduced (P< 0.05) V. dahliae at 5 and 10 cm. In greenhouse assays of solarized soils, disease severity was reduced (P< 0.05) for Verticillium spp. on eggplant and Phytophthora spp. on snapdragons. Cover crops alone were not effective in reducing P. cinnamomi and V. dahliae populations. Agrobacterium spp. population densities declined within solarized plots and incidence of crown gall on ‘Mazzard’ cherry rootstock planted in solarized plots was reduced significantly. Population densities of Pratylenchus penetranswere reduced in the upper 30-cm soil profile by solarization.Solarization for an 8-week period during the warmest months of summer could provide an additional management alternative for several important soilborne pathogens in western Oregon.

Soil nitrogen response to coupling cover crops with manure injection

2010 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 383-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia A. Cambardella ◽  
Thomas B. Moorman ◽  
Jeremy W. Singer
Keyword(s):  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Nitrogen Response

Rolled Winter Rye–Hairy Vetch Cover Crops for Weed Control in No-till Pumpkin

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 251-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Miville ◽  
Gilles D. Leroux
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
High Biomass ◽  
Hairy Vetch ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
No Till ◽  
Dry Biomass

AbstractWeed control is a challenging aspect of pumpkin production. Winter rye mulches may offer growers a means to manage weeds in pumpkin; however, rye degradation leads to an immobilization of soil nitrogen. Combining winter rye with a nitrogen fixing legume such as hairy vetch is an interesting option that may solve this problem. Twelve combinations including three hairy vetch seeding rates, two termination dates and the use or not of glyphosate before rolling cover crops were studied during the 2013 and 2014 growing seasons at the Laval University Agronomic Station in Saint-Augustin-de-Desmaures, Quebec, Canada to evaluate weed control and effects on pumpkin production. Adding hairy vetch to winter rye provided no benefits because of severe winterkill of the legume. Using glyphosate was necessary to prevent rye regrowth. Pumpkin growth was better and yields were higher than in the plots were no glyphosate was used. Mulches established at flowering (Zadoks 69) provided about 2,000 kg ha−1 more aboveground dry biomass than at early heading (Zadoks 51). This high biomass was essential in glyphosate treated plots in order to maintain excellent weed control throughout the growing season. When compared with the no-mulch weed-free control, yield in Zadoks 69+glyphosate treatment was lower in 2013 but comparable in 2014.

scholarly journals Summer Cover Crops and Lettuce Planting Time Influence Weed Population, Soil Nitrogen Concentration, and Lettuce Yields

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 409-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond Kruse ◽  
Ajay Nair
Keyword(s):  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Weed Suppression ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Vegetable Crop ◽  
Lettuce Growth ◽  
Sorghum Sudangrass

Cover crops can be used as a sustainable weed management tool in crop production systems. Cover crops have the ability to suppress weeds, reduce soil erosion, increase soil organic matter, and improve soil physical, chemical, and biological properties. In the north-central region of the United States, including Iowa, much cover crop research has been conducted in row crop systems, mainly with corn (Zea mays) and soybean (Glycine max) where cover crops are planted at the end of the growing season in September or October. There is little information available on the use of cover crops in vegetable cropping systems, particularly on the use of summer cover crops for fall vegetable production. The choice of the cover crop will significantly impact the entire fall vegetable production enterprise. Vegetable growers need information to identify the right cover crop for a particular slot in the cropping system and to understand how cover crops would affect weed suppression, soil properties, and successive vegetable crop yield. The time interval between cover crop termination and vegetable planting critically affects the growth and successive yield of the vegetable crop. This study investigated how short-duration summer cover crops impact weed suppression, soil properties, and ‘Adriana’ lettuce (Lactuca sativa) yield. The study also examined appropriate planting times of lettuce transplants after soil incorporation of cover crops. The experimental design was a randomized complete block split-plot design with four replications. Whole plots consisted of cover crop treatments: ‘Mancan’ buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum), ‘Iron & Clay’ cowpea/southernpea (Vigna unguiculata), black oats (Avena strigosa), ‘Grazex II’ sorghum-sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor ssp. drummondii), and a control (no-cover crop) where weeds were left to grow unchecked. The subplot treatment consisted of two lettuce transplanting times: planted immediately or 8 days after cover crop soil incorporation. Fall-planted butterhead lettuce was used. Data were collected on cover crop biomass, weed biomass, soil nutrient concentration, lettuce growth, and yield. All cover crops significantly reduced weed biomass during the fallow period as compared with the control treatment. Highest degree of weed suppression (90% as compared with the no-cover crop control treatment) was provided by buckwheat. Southernpea, a legume, increased soil nitrogen (N) concentration and contributed to higher lettuce yield and improved quality. Southernpea also enhanced lettuce growth and led to an earlier harvest than other treatments. Sorghum-sudangrass showed evidence of detrimental effects to the marketable lettuce crop. This was not due to N immobilization but presumably due to alleopathic properties. There is no clear pattern within any cover crop treatment that lettuce planting time following cover crop termination affects plant growth; however, planting early or soon after cover crop incorporation ensures more growing degree days and daylight, thus leading to timely harvest of a higher quality product. This study demonstrates that cover crops can successfully be integrated into vegetable cropping systems; however, cover crop selection is critical.

Cover Crops and Soil Nitrogen Cycling

2021 ◽  
pp. 209-226
Author(s):  
T.T. Nitu ◽  
U.M. Milu ◽  
M.M.R. Jahangir
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Cycling ◽  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Soil Nitrogen Cycling
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