scholarly journals Effect of Soil Solarization and Cover Crops on Populations of Selected Soilborne Plant Pathogens in Western Oregon

Plant Disease ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 84 (9) ◽  
pp. 952-960 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. N. Pinkerton ◽  
K. L. Ivors ◽  
M. L. Miller ◽  
L. W. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Phytophthora Cinnamomi ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Soil Solarization ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Deep Soil ◽  
Soil Pathogens

Field experiments were conducted in silty-clay loam in Corvallis, OR during the summers of 1995 and 1996 to study the effects of green manure cover crops (Sudan grass, rape, and barley), soil solarization, soil fumigation, and combinations of those treatments on population densities of soil pathogens Verticillium dahliae, Phytophthora cinnamomi, Pratylenchus penetrans, and Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Nylon mesh bags containing soil infested with V. dahliae and Phytophthora cinnamomiwere buried 5, 10, 20, and 30 cm deep. Soil solarization was performed over a 54- to 59-day period using a 0.6-mil clear polyethylene film. Maximum soil temperatures recorded at depths of 5, 10, 20, and 30 cm were 53, 48, 39, and 34°C in solarized soil, respectively; these temperatures were 8 to 16°C higher than in corresponding nonsolarized plots. Soil samples were collected before, during, and after solarization to quantify pathogen populations at those four depths. Pot or field studies were conducted subsequent to treatments to determine the effects of treatments on susceptible plants. Soil solarization, cover crops plus solarization, or fumigation with metam sodium resulted in a significant decrease (P< 0.05) in density of P. cinnamomi populations at all four depths and reduced (P< 0.05) V. dahliae at 5 and 10 cm. In greenhouse assays of solarized soils, disease severity was reduced (P< 0.05) for Verticillium spp. on eggplant and Phytophthora spp. on snapdragons. Cover crops alone were not effective in reducing P. cinnamomi and V. dahliae populations. Agrobacterium spp. population densities declined within solarized plots and incidence of crown gall on ‘Mazzard’ cherry rootstock planted in solarized plots was reduced significantly. Population densities of Pratylenchus penetranswere reduced in the upper 30-cm soil profile by solarization.Solarization for an 8-week period during the warmest months of summer could provide an additional management alternative for several important soilborne pathogens in western Oregon.

scholarly journals Reduction of Phytophthora Blight of Madagascar Periwinkle in Florida by Soil Solarization in Autumn

Plant Disease ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. McGovern ◽  
R. McSorley ◽  
R. R. Urs
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Phytophthora Nicotianae ◽  
Soil Solarization ◽  
Low Density Polyethylene ◽  
Wheat Seed ◽  
Phytophthora Blight ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Madagascar Periwinkle ◽  
Central Florida ◽  
Polyethylene Mulch

Three field experiments were conducted in southwest and west-central Florida in 1993 through 1995 to evaluate the effectiveness of soil solarization during autumn in reducing Phytophthora blight of Madagascar periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus) caused by Phytophthora nicotianae. Plots (3.6 by 3.6 m) were infested by incorporating winter wheat seed containing P. nicotianae in the upper 15 cm of soil. Solarization was then conducted for 21 to 41 days, primarily during October, using clear, 25- or 50-μm low-density polyethylene mulch. The progress of Phytophthora blight, monitored for 31 to 42 days following planting, was significantly reduced by solarization in all experiments, and final blight incidence was reduced in two of three experiments. Solarization also reduced population densities of P. nicotianae.

Drip Irrigation and Stand Establishment Affect Yield and Quality of Cantaloupe

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 545d-545
Author(s):  
D.I. Leskovar ◽  
J.C. Ward ◽  
R.W. Sprague ◽  
A. Meiri
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Dry Land ◽  
Stand Establishment ◽  
Yield And Quality

Water pumping restrictions of high-quality irrigation water from underground aquifers is affecting vegetable production in Southwest Texas. There is a need to develop efficient deficit-irrigation strategies to minimize irrigation inputs and maintain crop profitability. Our objective was to determine how growth, yield, and quality of cantaloupe (Cucumis melo L. cv. `Caravelle') are affected by irrigation systems with varying input levels, including drip depth position and polyethylene mulch. Stand establishment systems used were containerized transplants and direct seeding. Field experiments were conducted on a Uvalde silty clay loam soil. Marketable yields increased in the order of pre-irrigation followed by: dry-land conditions, furrow/no-mulch, furrow/mulch, drip-surface (0 cm depth)/mulch, drip-subsurface (10-cm depth)/mulch, and drip-subsurface (30 cm depth)/mulch. Pooled across all drip depth treatments, plants on drip had higher water use efficiency than plants on furrow/no-mulch or furrow/mulch systems. Transplants with drip-surface produced 75% higher total and fruit size No. 9 yields than drip-subsurface (10- or 30-cm depth) during the first harvest, but total yields were unaffected by drip tape position. About similar trends were measured in a subsequent study except for a significant irrigation system (stand establishment interaction for yield. Total yields were highest for transplants on drip-subsurface (10-cm depth) and direct seeded plants on drip-subsurface (10 and 30 cm depth) with mulch.

scholarly journals Alternative Control of Phragmidium rubi-idaei Infecting Two Rubus Species

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1452
Author(s):  
Raluca-Maria Pârlici ◽  
Aurel Maxim ◽  
Stefania Mirela Mang ◽  
Ippolito Camele ◽  
Lucia Mihalescu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Farming ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Rust Disease ◽  
Conidia Germination ◽  
The Impact

Organic berry plantations have been gaining popularity among farmers during recent years. Even so, farmers experience serious challenges in disease control management, which is a concern in organic farming. Phragmidiumrubi-idaei (DC) P. Karst is the pathogen responsible for blackberry and raspberry rust disease, one of the most present and active diseases in plantations. The antifungal certified products found on the organic farming market offer the opportunity for an efficient control strategy over plant pathogens in fruit shrub plantations. In this study, 5 natural based products—namely Altosan, Mimox, Canelys, Zitron, and Zeolite—were tested for their fungistatic effect over P. rubi-idaei. The experiments were carried out under laboratory conditions, performing observations over the impact of organic products, used at different concentration levels, on rust conidia germination. Moreover, field experiments were conducted in order to evaluate the efficiency of different treatments for rust control on raspberry (‘Polka’, ‘Veten’ and ‘Heritage’) and blackberry (‘Thorn Free’, ‘Chester’ and ‘Loch Ness’) varieties. Data analysis based on ANOVA tests showed significant differences between the tested variants and the control sample at p < 0.001. Furthermore, LSD test confirmed differences between all substances tested (p < 0.005). The natural products Canelys (formulated with cinnamon) and Zytron (based on citrus extract) have proven the highest inhibitory capacity for conidia germination during in vitro tests registering values of 80.42% and 78.34%, respectively. The same high inhibitory rates against rust pathogen were kept also in the field tests using the same two natural-based products mentioned earlier. In addition, outcomes from this study demonstrated that Zeolite is not recommended for raspberry or blackberry rust control.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Impact of Two Generalist Predators on the Leafhopper Erasmoneura vulnerata Population Density

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 321
Author(s):  
Stefan Cristian Prazaru ◽  
Giulia Zanettin ◽  
Alberto Pozzebon ◽  
Paola Tirello ◽  
Francesco Toffoletto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Generalist Predators ◽  
Predator Species ◽  
Potted Plants ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Orius Majusculus ◽  
Limited Effectiveness ◽  
Pest Outbreaks ◽  
The Impact

Outbreaks of the Nearctic leafhopper Erasmoneura vulnerata represent a threat to vinegrowers in Southern Europe, in particular in North-eastern Italy. The pest outbreaks are frequent in organic vineyards because insecticides labeled for organic viticulture show limited effectiveness towards leafhoppers. On the other hand, the naturally occurring predators and parasitoids of E. vulnerata in vineyards are often not able to keep leafhopper densities at acceptable levels for vine-growers. In this study, we evaluated the potential of two generalist, commercially available predators, Chrysoperla carnea and Orius majusculus, in suppressing E. vulnerata. Laboratory and semi-field experiments were carried out to evaluate both species’ predation capacity on E. vulnerata nymphs. The experiments were conducted on grapevine leaves inside Petri dishes (laboratory) and on potted and caged grapevines (semi-field); in both experiments, the leaves or potted plants were infested with E. vulnerata nymphs prior to predator releases. Both predator species exhibited a remarkable voracity and significantly reduced leafhopper densities in laboratory and semi-field experiments. Therefore, field studies were carried out over two growing seasons in two vineyards. We released 4 O. majusculus adults and 30 C. carnea larvae per m2 of canopy. Predator releases in vineyards reduced leafhopper densities by about 30% compared to the control plots. Results obtained in this study showed that the two predators have a potential to suppress the pest density, but more research is required to define appropriate predator–prey release ratios and release timing. Studies on intraguild interactions and competition with naturally occurring predators are also suggested.

Cover Crops Suppression of Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) in Cotton

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matheus G. Palhano ◽  
Jason K. Norsworthy ◽  
Tom Barber
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
Cotton Yield ◽  
Cotton Production ◽  
Seed Cotton ◽  
Cereal Rye ◽  
Seed Cotton Yield ◽  
Weed Emergence

AbstractWith the recent confirmation of protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO)-resistant Palmer amaranth in the US South, concern is increasing about the sustainability of weed management in cotton production systems. Cover crops can help to alleviate this problem, as they can suppress weed emergence via allelochemicals and/or a physical residue barrier. Field experiments were conducted in 2014 and 2015 at the Arkansas Agricultural Research and Extension Center to evaluate various cover crops for suppressing weed emergence and protecting cotton yield. In both years, cereal rye and wheat had the highest biomass production, whereas the amount of biomass present in spring did not differ among the remaining cover crops. All cover crops initially diminished Palmer amaranth emergence. However, cereal rye provided the greatest suppression, with 83% less emergence than in no cover crop plots. Physical suppression of Palmer amaranth and other weeds with cereal residues is probably the greatest contributor to reducing weed emergence. Seed cotton yield in the legume and rapeseed cover crop plots were similar when compared with the no cover crop treatment. The seed cotton yield collected from cereal cover crop plots was lower than from other treatments due to decreased cotton stand.

Influence of legume cover crops and conservation tillage on soil populations of selected fungal genera

1988 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 201-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. Rothrock ◽  
W. L. Hargrove
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Macrophomina Phaseolina ◽  
Hairy Vetch ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Crimson Clover ◽  
Legume Cover Crops ◽  
Legume Cover Crop

The influence of winter legume cover crops and of tillage on soil populations of fungal genera containing plant pathogenic species in the subsequent summer sorghum crop were examined in field studies. Legume cover crops significantly increased populations of Pythium spp. throughout the sorghum crop compared with a rye cover crop or no cover crop. This stimulation of the populations of Pythium spp. was not solely due to colonization of cover-crop residue, as populations were significantly greater at the time the legume cover crop was desiccated. Removal of aboveground residue generally decreased populations of Pythium spp. in soil. Incorporation of residue by tillage increased populations of Pythium spp. at some sampling dates. Legumes differed in the magnitude of stimulation, with hairy vetch stimulating Pythium spp. more than crimson clover. Cover crop treatments did not consistently influence soil populations of Fusarium spp., Rhizoctonia solani, Rhizoctonia-like binucleate fungi, or Macrophomina phaseolina. Macrophomina phaseolina populations were significantly greater under no tillage.

Trace element uptake by two British Columbia forages as affected by poultry manure application

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Bomke ◽  
L. E. Lowe
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Poultry Manure ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Manure Application ◽  
Deep Pit ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Trace Element Uptake

Field experiments evaluated yield response to deep-pit poultry manure application to barley on a clay soil near Prince George and a grass-legume forage on a silty clay loam soil near Chilliwack, B.C. Substantial dry matter yield increases were measured at manure applications up to 20 t ha−1. Subsamples of both crops and the poultry manure were analyzed for Cu, Zn, Mn, Ba, Pb, Ni, Cr, Cd, B and Co. Selenium analyses were made on selected crop samples. There were no indications of toxicity problems even at 40 t ha−1, the highest application. Copper and Zn concentrations in forages were increased by the poultry manure and the Mn/Cu ratio tended to decrease with manure application. Key words: Orchardgrass, ladino clover, barley, micronutrients

scholarly journals Sorghum Accessions for Use as Cover Crops and Biofuel Feedstocks

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 258
Author(s):  
Abram Jared Bicksler ◽  
John B Masiunas
Keyword(s):  
Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Germplasm Collection ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Canonical Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Tiller Number ◽  
Canonical Variates ◽  
Growth Habits ◽  
Landrace Accessions

Phenotypes of sorghum species (Sorghum sp.) have characteristics making them valuable summer annual cover crops and/or biofuel feedstocks for temperate climates. In field studies conducted at Urbana, IL, USA, fourteen USDA sorghum landrace accessions and three commercial sorghum accessions were evaluated for their growth habits and regrowth potential. In Canonical Discriminant Analysis (CDA) analysis, the first two canonical variates were significant and accounted for 86% of the among-accession variability. Unmown tiller number, regrowth tiller number, and regrowth biomass best discriminated between accessions in CDA and scattergrams. The accessions clustered into three subgroups. Three multi-stemmed accessions (two commercial varieties and one USDA accession) with an ability to regrow clustered away from the bulk of the USDA sorghums. Multi-stemmed accessions are useful for breeding improved summer annual cover crops that are tall, produce copious amounts of biomass, and rapidly regrow after defoliation; although propensity to lodging and poor germination of accessions will need attention. Additionally, landrace sorghum accessions in the USDA germplasm collection are useful for breeding cover crop and biofuel feedstocks, due to their great height and biomass production, although it will be necessary to select for improved regrowth potential. Crosses between USDA landraces and the commercially available multi-stemmed accessions could lead to a sorghum cover crop and biofuel plant with great biomass and height and ability to regrow following defoliation.

scholarly journals Residual Effect of Poultry Manure and Mineral N Application on Maize Production under Wheat-Maize Cropping System

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
pp. 1061
Author(s):  
Syed Azam Shah ◽  
Wisal Mohammad ◽  
Haroon Haroon ◽  
Adnan Anwar Khan
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Poultry Manure ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
1000 Grain Weight

The study was designed to asses the residual effect of organic N (Poultry Manure) and mineral N on maize crop in field experiments carried out on silty clay loam soil at NIFA, Tarnab, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) Pakistan during 2014-15. Combined dose of N from both sources were 120 kg ha-1 applied to wheat crop alone and in different combination making six treatments. Maize variety (Azam) was sown in Randomized complete block (RCB) design with four replications. Agronomic data, grains ear-1, 1000 grain weight, biomass grain yield data, N-uptake in maize grain and straw were recorded. Results showed that maximum grain ear−1, 1000 grain weight, biomass and grain yield was obtained from treatment where 25% N applied from poultry manure + 75% from mineral N source applied to previous wheat crop. Agronomic efficiency and nitrogen use efficiency were also found maximum in treatment where 75% poultry manure + 25% mineral N was applied. It was concluded from the study that residual effect of organic manure with mineral N in different ratios enhances crop productivity and soil fertility.

scholarly journals The watching eyes effect on charitable donation is boosted by fewer people in the vicinity

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-12
Author(s):  
Ryo Oda ◽  
Ryota Ichihashi
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
Charitable Giving ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Prosocial Behaviors ◽  
Charitable Donation ◽  
Charitable Donations ◽  
Large Groups

Previous field experiments have found that artificial surveillance cues facilitated prosocial behaviors such as charitable donations and littering. Several previous field studies found that the artificial surveillance cue effect was stronger when few individuals were in the vicinity; however, others reported that the effect was stronger in large groups of people. Here, we report the results of a field study examining the effect of an artificial surveillance cue (stylized eyes) on charitable giving. Three collection boxes were placed in different locations around an izakaya (a Japanese-style tavern) for 84 days. The amount donated was counted each experimental day, and the izakaya staff provided the number of patrons who visited each day. We found that the effect of the stylized eyes was more salient when fewer patrons were in the izakaya. Our findings suggest that the effect of the artificial surveillance cue is similar to that of “real” cues and that the effect on charitable giving may weaken when people habituate to being watched by “real” eyes. 

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