Do olfactory stimuli provide positional information for home-oriented avian navigation?

2014 ◽  
Vol 90 ◽  
pp. e1-e6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans G. Wallraff
2020 ◽  
Vol 132 (5) ◽  
pp. 1659-1664 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahan Momjian ◽  
Rémi Tyrand ◽  
Basile N. Landis ◽  
Colette Boëx

OBJECTIVEIntraoperative neuromonitoring of the chemical senses (smell and taste) has never been performed. The objective of this study was to determine if olfactory-evoked potentials could be obtained intraoperatively under general anesthesia.METHODSA standard olfactometer was used in the surgical theater with hydrogen sulfide (4 ppm, 200 msec). Olfactory-evoked potentials were recorded in 8 patients who underwent neurosurgery for resection of cerebral lesions. These patients underwent routine target-controlled propofol and sufentanil general anesthesia. Frontal, temporal, and parietal scalp subdermal electrodes were recorded ipsilaterally and contralaterally at the site of the surgery. Evoked potentials were computed if at least 70 epochs (0.5–100 Hz) satisfying the artifact rejection criterion (threshold 45 μV) could be extracted from signals of electrodes.RESULTSContributive recordings were obtained for 5 of 8 patients (3 patients had fewer than 70 epochs with an amplitude < 45 μV). Olfactory-evoked potentials showed N1 responses (mean 442.8 ± 40.0 msec), most readily observed in the patient who underwent midline anterior fossa neurosurgery. No component of later latencies could be recorded consistently.CONCLUSIONSThe study confirms that olfactory-evoked potentials can be measured in response to olfactory stimuli under general anesthesia. This demonstrates the feasibility of recording olfactory function intraoperatively and opens the potential for neuromonitoring of olfactory function during neurosurgery.


Impact ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (10) ◽  
pp. 12-14
Author(s):  
Akira Kawai ◽  
Masahiro Kenmotsu

Traffic congestion in parking lots is a common phenomenon across the world and larger commercial facilities with multiple parking areas may be particularly affected as many users struggle to gain access to sought-after parking spots close to their destinations. These popular zones often see traffic jams forming as many vehicles arrive within these regions, while less popular areas may remain free from congestion. This creates a very uneven distribution of traffic, with motorists in popular areas becoming trapped and unable to leave bottleneck regions. As a result, the car park management industry has taken an interest in research into parking guidance. Parking guidance has been developed to help improve efficiencies in car parks, guiding drivers to specific spaces using GPS technology to highlight free spaces near their location detailing the most efficient way to get to that spot. Associate Professor Akira Kawai, who is based at Shiga University in Japan, has been working on a KAKEN project that seeks to leverage real-time positional information to help guide drivers to free spaces within parking lots.


Author(s):  
Adrian J Barake ◽  
Heather Mitchell ◽  
Constantino Stavros ◽  
Mark F Stewart ◽  
Preety Srivastava

Efficient recruitment to Australia’s most popular professional sporting competition, the Australian Football League (AFL), requires evaluators to assess athlete performances in many lower tier leagues that serve as pathways. These competitions and their games are frequent, widespread, and challenging to track. Therefore, independent, and reliable player performance statistics from these leagues are paramount. This data, however, is only meaningful to recruiters from AFL teams if accurate player positions are known, which was not the case for the competitions from which most players were recruited. This paper explains how this problem was recently solved, demonstrating a process of knowledge translation from academia to industry, that bridged an important gap between sports science, coaching and recruiting. Positional information which is only available from the AFL competition was used to benchmark and develop scientific classification methods using only predictor variables that are also measured in lower tier competitions. Specifically, a Multinomial Logistic model was constructed to allocate players into four primary positions, followed by a Binary Logit model for further refinement. This novel technique of using more complete data from top tier competitions to help fill informational deficiencies in lower leagues could be extended to other sports that face similar issues.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 968
Author(s):  
Roger C. Ho ◽  
Vijay K. Sharma ◽  
Benjamin Y. Q. Tan ◽  
Alison Y. Y. Ng ◽  
Yit-Shiang Lui ◽  
...  

Impaired sense of smell occurs in a fraction of patients with COVID-19 infection, but its effect on cerebral activity is unknown. Thus, this case report investigated the effect of COVID-19 infection on frontotemporal cortex activity during olfactory stimuli. In this preliminary study, patients who recovered from COVID-19 infection (n = 6) and healthy controls who never contracted COVID-19 (n = 6) were recruited. Relative changes in frontotemporal cortex oxy-hemoglobin during olfactory stimuli was acquired using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). The area under curve (AUC) of oxy-hemoglobin for the time interval 5 s before and 15 s after olfactory stimuli was derived. In addition, olfactory function was assessed using the Sniffin’ Sticks 12-identification test (SIT-12). Patients had lower SIT-12 scores than healthy controls (p = 0.026), but there were no differences in oxy-hemoglobin AUC between healthy controls and patients (p > 0.05). This suggests that past COVID-19 infection may not affect frontotemporal cortex function, and these preliminary results need to be verified in larger samples.


Genetics ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 149 (1) ◽  
pp. 257-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Netter ◽  
Marie-Odile Fauvarque ◽  
Ruth Diez del Corral ◽  
Jean-Maurice Dura ◽  
Dario Coen

AbstractWe used the white gene as an enhancer trap and reporter of chromatin structure. We collected white+ transgene insertions presenting a peculiar pigmentation pattern in the eye: white expression is restricted to the dorsal half of the eye, with a clear-cut dorsal/ventral (D/V) border. This D/V pattern is stable and heritable, indicating that phenotypic expression of the white reporter reflects positional information in the developing eye. Localization of these transgenes led us to identify a unique genomic region encompassing 140 kb in 69D1–3 subject to this D/V effect. This region contains at least three closely related homeobox-containing genes that are constituents of the iroquois complex (IRO-C). IRO-C genes are coordinately regulated and implicated in similar developmental processes. Expression of these genes in the eye is regulated by the products of the Polycomb -group (Pc-G) and trithorax-group (trx-G) genes but is not modified by classical modifiers of position-effect variegation. Our results, together with the report of a Pc -G binding site in 69D, suggest that we have identified a novel cluster of target genes for the Pc-G and trx-G products. We thus propose that ventral silencing of the whole IRO-C in the eye occurs at the level of chromatin structure in a manner similar to that of the homeotic gene complexes, perhaps by local compaction of the region into a heterochromatin-like structure involving the Pc-G products.


2020 ◽  
pp. 104295
Author(s):  
Odile Martinez ◽  
Sacha Sire ◽  
Alice Saunier ◽  
Jean-Michel Malgouyre ◽  
Alice Fournier ◽  
...  

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