Saccharin and aspartame, compared with sucrose, induce greater weight gain in adult Wistar rats, at similar total caloric intake levels

Introduction. This study examines weight gain and assesses complications associated with refeeding hospitalised adolescents with restrictive eating disorders (EDs) prescribed initial calories above current recommendations.Methods. Patients admitted to an adolescent ED structured “rapid refeeding” program for >48 hours and receiving ≥2400 kcal/day were included in a 3-year retrospective chart review.Results. The mean (SD) age of the 162 adolescents was 16.7 years (0.9), admission % median BMI was 80.1% (10.2), and discharge % median BMI was 93.1% (7.0). The mean (SD) starting caloric intake was 2611.7 kcal/day (261.5) equating to 58.4 kcal/kg (10.2). Most patients (92.6%) were treated with nasogastric tube feeding. The mean (SD) length of stay was 3.6 weeks (1.9), and average weekly weight gain was 2.1 kg (0.8). No patients developed cardiac signs of RFS or delirium; complications included 4% peripheral oedema, 1% hypophosphatemia (<0.75 mmol/L), 7% hypomagnesaemia (<0.70 mmol/L), and 2% hypokalaemia (<3.2 mmol/L). Caloric prescription on admission was associated with developing oedema (95% CI 1.001 to 1.047;p=0.039). No statistical significance was found between electrolytes and calories provided during refeeding.Conclusion. A rapid refeeding protocol with the inclusion of phosphate supplementation can safely achieve rapid weight restoration without increased complications associated with refeeding syndrome.

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Changes in Health Behaviors Associated With Weight Gain by Weight Classification During the COVID-19 Pandemic

American Journal of Health Promotion ◽

10.1177/08901171211022958 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 089011712110229

Author(s):

Kristie Rupp ◽

Ciarán P. Friel

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

Health Behaviors ◽

Weight Status ◽

Vegetable Consumption ◽

Caloric Intake ◽

Healthy Weight ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Obesity Epidemic ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Online Panels

Purpose: To determine whether perceived changes (i.e. perception of engagement during the pandemic relative to pre-pandemic) in specific health behaviors differ by weight status (i.e. healthy weight, overweight, obese). Design: Cross-sectional. Recruitment took place between June-August 2020, via social media posts and Qualtrics online panels. Setting: Participants completed the survey online through the Qualtrics platform. Sample: Analyses included N = 502 participants (≥18 years); 45.2% healthy weight (n = 227), 28.5% overweight (n = 143), and 26.3% obese (n = 132). Measures: Study-specific survey items included questions about demographics and perceived changes in health behaviors. Analysis: Logistic regression models, adjusted for age, race, ethnicity, gender, education, and COVID-19 diagnosis, assessed the odds of perceiving changes in health behaviors considered a risk for weight gain. Results: Participants with obesity, but not overweight, were significantly more likely to report deleterious changes to health behaviors compared to healthy weight peers, including: (1) decreased fruit/vegetable consumption [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.92; 95% confidence interval (CI): (1.13, 3.26)]; (2) increased processed food consumption [AOR = 1.85; 95%CI: (1.15, 3.00)]; (3) increased caloric intake [AOR = 1.66; 95% CI: (1.06, 2.61)]; (4) decreased physical activity [AOR = 2.07; 95%CI: (1.31, 3.28)]; and (5) deterioration in sleep quality [AOR = 2.07; 95%CI: (1.32, 3.25)]. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that adults with obesity may be at greater risk for unhealthy behaviors during a period of prolonged social distancing, potentially exacerbating the obesity epidemic.

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SERUM LIPIDS DURING SHORT-TERM HIGH GLUCOSE AND HIGH SUCROSE FEEDING IN INFANTS

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.50.1.84 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 50 (1) ◽

pp. 84-91

Author(s):

I. Tamir ◽

D. Epstein ◽

D. Heldenberg ◽

O. Levtow ◽

B. Werbin

Keyword(s):

High Glucose ◽

Caloric Intake ◽

Serum Triglyceride ◽

Normal Diet ◽

Total Serum ◽

Short Term ◽

Total Caloric Intake ◽

Sucrose Feeding ◽

High Sucrose Feeding ◽

High Sucrose

The effects of short-term high glucose and high sucrose diets on serum lipids were estimated in six healthy infants aged 4 to 11 months. Each carbohydrate-rich diet was given for 5 days and preceded by 3 days of a "normal" diet. During the high CHO feeding, sucrose or glucose supplied 73% of the total caloric intake, while on the "normal" diet only 40% for the total caloric intake was derived from CHO (glucose only). The percentage of total caloric intake supplied by protein was almost identical in the three diets used. An increase in serum triglyceride (TG) concentration, of almost equal magnitude, was seen following both high CHO feeding periods. Upon resumption of the "normal" diet, serum TG concentrations approached initial concentrations. No consistent changes occurred in total serum cholesterol concentrations or in total serum phospholipid concentrations. A significant increase in the percentage concentration of palmitoleic acid of serum triglyceride fatty acids occurred on both high CHO diets. This increase was slightly but not significantly greater following high sucrose feeding. A significant decrease in the percentage concentration of linoleic acid of serum triglyceride fatty acids occurred on both high CHO diets. This decrease was slightly but not significantly greater following high sucrose feeding. Therefore, it seems that on a short-term basis, high sucrose and high glucose feeding, in healthy infants, will result in similar changes in serum triglyceride concentrations and serum triglyceride fatty acid patterns.

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Effect of the oral administration of monosodium glutamate during pregnancy and breast-feeding in the offspring of pregnant Wistar rats

Acta Cirurgica Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s0102-86502010000100010 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

pp. 37-42 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Vinicius von Diemen ◽

Manoel Roberto Maciel Trindade

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

Oral Administration ◽

Wistar Rats ◽

Monosodium Glutamate ◽

The Other ◽

Control Group ◽

Pregnant Rats ◽

Dependent Relation ◽

Dose Dependent

PURPOSE: Determine the effects of the MSG (monosodium glutamate) in the offspring of pregnant rats through the comparison of the weight, NAL (nasal-anal length) and IL (Index of Lee) at birth and with 21 days of life. METHODS: Pregnant Wistar rats and their offspring were divided into 3 groups: GC, G10 and G20. Each of the groups received 0%, 10% and 20% of MSG, respectively from coupling until the end of the weaning period. RESULTS: Neither weight nor NAL were different among the groups at birth. The group G20 at birth had an IL lower than the group GC (p<0,05) and with 21 days of life presented weight and NAL lower than the groups G10 and this lower than the GC (p<0,01). Otherwise the G20 at 21 days of life had the IL similar to the other two groups. The weight profit percentage from birth to the 21st day of life was lower in the G20 regarding the other two groups (p<0,01). The G20 had a NAL increase percentage from birth to the 21st day of life lower than the G10 and this lower than the GC (p<0,01). CONCLUSIONS: MSG presented a dose-dependent relation in the variables weight and NAL. It caused a decrease in the growth pattern as well as in the weight gain pattern until the 21st day of life. The IL of the group 20% had an increased in relation to the control group after 3 weeks of follow up.

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Effects of chewing gum on specific macronutrient and total caloric intake in an afternoon snack

The FASEB Journal ◽

10.1096/fasebj.23.1_supplement.101.3 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 23 (S1) ◽

Author(s):

Paula Jeanne Geiselman ◽

Corby Martin ◽

Sandra Coulon ◽

Donna Ryan ◽

Megan Apperson

Keyword(s):

Caloric Intake ◽

Chewing Gum ◽

Total Caloric Intake

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Cyproheptadine Produced Modest Increases in Total Caloric Intake by Humans

Physiology & Behavior ◽

10.1016/s0031-9384(97)00246-1 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 62 (4) ◽

pp. 831-839 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Sandra D. Comer ◽

Margaret Haney ◽

Marian W. Fischman ◽

Richard W. Foltin

Keyword(s):

Caloric Intake ◽

Total Caloric Intake

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STUDIES ON THE FORMATION OF COLLAGEN

Journal of Experimental Medicine ◽

10.1084/jem.107.2.265 ◽

1958 ◽

Vol 107 (2) ◽

pp. 265-277 ◽

Cited By ~ 56

Author(s):

Jerome Gross

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Guinea Pigs ◽

Caloric Intake ◽

Neutral Salt ◽

Salt Solutions ◽

Citrate Buffer ◽

Continuous Growth ◽

Dermal Collagen ◽

Low Levels

The total amount of neutral salt-extractible collagen in the skin of growing, suckling guinea pigs amounted to about 10 per cent of the total collagen of the dennis. This is roughly equivalent to a 1 to 2 day increment in dermal collagen incident to growth. Fourteen days of static weight maintained by limited caloric intake reduced the neutral salt-extractible collagen to very low levels. Following this period, 5 to 7 days of steady weight gain induced by ad lib. feeding was required to produce significant increases in this collagen fraction. Return to control levels occurred within 12 days of continuous growth. The amount of collagen extracted from the dermis of young guinea pigs with cold neutral salt solutions varied directly with growth rate (weight gain) and was greatly diminished after short periods of restricted caloric intake. Two days of fasting diminished the total extracted collagen by one-half. Three consecutive extractions with citrate buffer pH, 3.5, of the residues remaining after exhaustive saline extraction removed 40 per cent more collagen from the skins of actively growing animals than from those of animals fasted for 2 days. However, subsequent extraction of residues with dilute acetic acid equalized the total amount of collagen extracted at acid pH from the two groups. The viscosity of cold neutral extracts was unrelated to the concentrations of non-collagenous proteins and carbohydrates but varied directly with the collagen content.

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Evaluation of Male Fertility-Enhancing Activities of Water Seed Extract of Hunteria umbellata in Wistar Rats

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2019/7693010 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Adejuwon Adewale Adeneye ◽

Joseph Abayomi Olagunju ◽

Babatunde Adekunle Murtala

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

Vitamin C ◽

Male Fertility ◽

Wistar Rats ◽

Oral Treatment ◽

Seed Extract ◽

Distilled Water ◽

Hormonal Profile ◽

Group I ◽

Dose Dependent

Background. In this study, the male fertility-enhancing activity of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg/day of Hunteria umbellata water seed extract (HU) in Wistar rats was studied for 60 days. In doing this, effect of repeated doses of HU was studied on the weight gain pattern, gonadosomatic index (GSI), serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone (TS), prolactin (PRL), and estradiol (ES)} as well as testicular antioxidant status of the treated rats as a way of elucidating the mechanism(s) of action of HU. Method. Thirty-six (36) male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups (I-VI) of six rats per group. Group I rats were gavaged with 10 ml/kg/day of distilled water and served as an untreated control; Group II rats were gavaged with 0.3 mg/kg/day of clomiphene in distilled water; Groups III-V rats received 100 mg/kg/day, 200 mg/kg/day, and 400 mg/kg/day of HU, respectively, and Group VI rats received 20 mg/kg/day of Vitamin C all in distilled water. All treatments were for 60 days after which the treated rats were humanely sacrificed. Sera of blood samples were processed for the above stated hormonal profile. Similarly, testicular tissues obtained were processed for semen analysis and complete antioxidant profile of the HU-treated testicles by assaying for superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH), glutathione reductase (GSR), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and Thiobarbituric Reactive Species (TBARS). Results. Prolonged treatments with 100 mg/kg/day, 200 mg/kg/day, and 400 mg/kg/day of HU for 60 days induced dose dependent reductions in weight gain pattern with the most significant (p<0.001) effect recorded with the highest dose of HU. Conversely, significant (p<0.001) increase was recorded for GSI at the same HU dose. Clomiphene and HU also induced significant (p<0.01, p<0.001) dose dependent increases in the total sperm count, %live sperm, but reverse effects on %dead sperm and %abnormal sperm. On the hormonal profile, oral treatment with 100 mg/kg/day, 200 mg/kg/day, and 400 mg/kg/day of the extract induced profound (p<0.05, p<0.01, and p<0.001) dose related increases in the sera TS, LH, and FSH while it caused reverse effect on serum PRL but caused no significant alterations in the serum ES levels. Similarly, oral treatment with vitamin C and 100-400 mg/kg/day of HU induced profound (p<0.05, p<0.01, and p<0.001) increases in the antioxidant enzyme activities. Conclusion. Overall, prolonged oral treatment with 100-400 mg/kg body weight of HU for 60 days significantly improved sperm function which was mediated via enhanced spermatogenesis, steroidogenesis, and antioxidant mechanisms.

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