The impact of Cu, Zn and Cr salts on the relationship between insect and plant parasitic nematodes: A reduction in biocontrol efficacy

Damage to sugarcane caused by root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) is well documented in infertile coarse-textured soils, but crop losses have never been assessed in the fine-textured soils on which more than 95% of Australia’s sugarcane is grown. The impact of nematodes in these more fertile soils was assessed by repeatedly applying nematicides (aldicarb and fenamiphos) to plant and ratoon crops in 16 fields, and measuring their effects on nematode populations, sugarcane growth and yield. In untreated plant crops, mid-season population densities of lesion nematode (Pratylenchus zeae), root-knot nematode (M. javanica), stunt nematode (Tylenchorhynchus annulatus), spiral nematode (Helicotylenchus dihystera) and stubby-root nematode (Paratrichodorus minor) averaged 1065, 214, 535, 217 and 103 nematodes/200 mL soil, respectively. Lower mean nematode population densities were recorded in the first ratoon, particularly for root-knot nematode. Nematicides reduced populations of lesion nematode by 66–99% in both plant and ratoon crops, but control of root-knot nematode was inconsistent, particularly in ratoons. Nematicide treatment had a greater impact on shoot and stalk length than on shoot and stalk number. The entire community of pest nematodes appeared to be contributing to lost productivity, but stalk length and final yield responses correlated most consistently with the number of lesion nematodes controlled. Fine roots in nematicide-treated plots were healthier and more numerous than in untreated plots, and this was indicative of the reduced impact of lesion nematode. Yield responses averaged 15.3% in plant crops and 11.6% in ratoons, indicating that nematodes are subtle but significant pests of sugarcane in fine-textured soils. On the basis of these results, plant-parasitic nematodes are conservatively estimated to cost the Australian sugar industry about AU$82 million/annum.

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Occurrence and distribution of vermiform plant-parasitic nematodes and the relationship with soil factors in field pea (Pisum sativum) in North Dakota, USA

Nematology ◽

10.1163/15685411-00003225 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 21 (5) ◽

pp. 445-457 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Arjun Upadhaya ◽

Guiping Yan ◽

Julie Pasche ◽

Audrey Kalil

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Soil Properties ◽

Field Pea ◽

Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Soil Factors ◽

The Usa ◽

Nematode Abundance ◽

The Relationship ◽

Plant Parasitic

Summary Plant-parasitic nematodes restrict crop growth and cause yield loss in field pea (dry edible pea). A 4-year survey of commercial pea fields was conducted in North Dakota, one of the leading producers of field pea in the USA, to investigate nematode distribution, prevalence, abundance and association with soil properties. Beginning in 2014, a total of 243 soil samples were collected from 16 counties, and soil properties of 115 samples were analysed to determine the association of nematodes with soil factors (texture, organic matter, nutrients). The plant-parasitic nematode genera, Paratylenchus (absolute frequency = 58-100%; mean density = 470-1550 (200 g soil)−1; greatest density = 7114 (200 g soil)−1) and Tylenchorhynchus (30-80%; 61-261; 1980, respectively), were the most frequent and widely distributed. Pratylenchus and Helicotylenchus were identified in one-third of the counties surveyed with mean densities ranging from 43 to 224 and 36 to 206 (200 g soil)−1, respectively. Xiphinema was found relatively frequently but at low densities. Hoplolaimus and Paratrichodorus were rarely detected at lower densities. Canonical correspondence analysis revealed that soil factors explained 19% of the total variance of nematode genera abundance. The relationship between nematode abundance and soil sand content and pH was significant, while clay, silt, organic matter and nutrients were not significantly related to nematode abundance. This is the first multi-year study investigating nematodes associated with field peas and their relationship with soil factors in a major field pea production region of the USA.

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Differential Response of Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, Globodera, and Xiphinema Species to the Nematicide Fluazaindolizine

Phytopathology ◽

10.1094/phyto-05-20-0189-r ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 110 (12) ◽

pp. 2003-2009

Author(s):

Catherine L. Wram ◽

Inga Zasada

Keyword(s):

Untreated Control ◽

Exposure Dose ◽

Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Response Curves ◽

Greenhouse Study ◽

Meloidogyne Spp ◽

The Impact ◽

Plant Parasitic

This research focused on the effects of fluazaindolizine on a diversity of plant-parasitic nematodes. In microwell assays, 24-h dose-response curves were generated for several species and populations of Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus neglectus, P. penetrans, Globodera ellingtonae, and Xiphinema americanum. In a greenhouse study, the impact of fluazaindolizine on fecundity of M. incognita, M. hapla, and M. chitwoodi was tested by exposing nematodes for 24 h in solution and inoculating on tomato. The average 24-h ED50s (dose that resulted in the immobility of 50% of exposed nematodes) for M. hapla, M. chitwoodi, and M. incognita were 325.7, 223.4, and 100.7 ppm, respectively. M. hapla had the most variation among populations, with 24-h ED50s ranging from 72 to 788 ppm. G. ellingtonae had the lowest 24-h ED50 at 30 ppm. Pratylenchus spp. were unaffected by fluazaindolizine. X. americanum was the only species where effects of fluazaindolizine were reversible, but had a 24-h ED50 that fell in the range of the Meloidogyne spp. In the greenhouse study, M. chitwoodi was the least sensitive with reproduction reaching 62% of the untreated control after a pre-exposure to 47 ppm, whereas M. incognita and M. hapla at the same exposure dose had reproduction rates of 27 and 36% of the untreated control, respectively. Despite varying in in vitro responses to fluazaindolizine, reproduction of all Meloidogyne spp. was suppressed after only 24 h of exposure. This study expanded our understanding of how G. ellingtonae, P. thornei, P. penetrans, and X. americanum respond to fluazaindolizine.

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The impact of management strategies on the development and status of potato cyst nematode populations in Switzerland: An overview from 1958 to present

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-04-21-0800-sr ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Andrea Caroline Ruthes ◽

Paul Dahlin

Keyword(s):

Integrated Management ◽

Abiotic Factors ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Monitoring Program ◽

Cyst Nematode ◽

Globodera Pallida ◽

Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽

The Impact ◽

Plant Parasitic

Globodera rostochiensis and Globodera pallida are some of the most successful and highly specialized plant-parasitic nematodes, and appear among the most regulated quarantine pests globally. In Switzerland, they have been monitored by annual surveys since their first detection in Swiss soil, in 1958. The dataset created was reviewed to give an overview of the development and actual status of PCN in Switzerland. Positive fields represent 0.2% of all the samples analyzed, and currently their distribution is limited to central-west and western Switzerland, suggesting that new introduction of PCN and the spread of the initial introduced PCN populations did not occur. In this way, the integrated management used in Switzerland appears to be effective. However, the increasing availability of potato varieties with resistance to G. rostochiensis and the limited availability of varieties with resistance to G. pallida, together with other biotic and abiotic factors promoted changes in the dominance of either species. Consequently, an extended monitoring program would be of interest to Swiss farmers, to avoid favoring virulent traits that could be present within Swiss Globodera populations.

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The Impact of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes on Agriculture and Methods of Control

Nematology - Concepts, Diagnosis and Control ◽

10.5772/intechopen.68958 ◽

2017 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Gregory C. Bernard ◽

Marceline Egnin ◽

Conrad Bonsi

Keyword(s):

Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽

The Impact ◽

Plant Parasitic ◽

Methods Of Control

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Fluensulfone: A New “Tool in the Tool Box” to Manage Plant-parasitic Nematodes in Vegetable Production

EDIS ◽

10.32473/edis-hs1313-2018 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Gilma X. Castillo ◽

Monica Ozores-Hampton ◽

Pablo A. Navia Gine

Keyword(s):

Crop Production ◽

Management Practices ◽

Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Vegetable Production ◽

Agricultural Systems ◽

Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Nematode Management ◽

The Impact ◽

Plant Parasitic

Plant-parasitic nematodes pose a problem in agricultural systems by feeding on crops, therefore affecting their yield. Fluensulfone is a chemical that can be applied using various methods to manage the impact of plant-parasitic nematodes on crop production. This 6-page document discusses the characteristics and use of fluensulfone as a tool for nematode management practices. Written by Gilma X. Castillo, Monica Ozores-Hampton, and Pablo A. Navia Gine and published by the UF/IFAS Department of Horticultural Sciences, January 2018. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/hs1313

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Plant-parasitic nematodes in sugarcane fields in Kitadaito Island (Okinawa), Japan, as a potential sugarcane growth inhibitor

Nematology ◽

10.1163/15685411-00002810 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 16 (7) ◽

pp. 807-820 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Masanori Kawanobe ◽

Naoko Miyamaru ◽

Koichi Yoshida ◽

Takeshi Kawanaka ◽

Koki Toyota

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Growth Inhibitor ◽

Pot Experiment ◽

Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Sugarcane Plant ◽

Seedling Biomass ◽

Potential Damage ◽

The Relationship ◽

Plant Parasitic

Sugarcane is the main industrial crop in Kitadaito Island (Okinawa), Japan, and the objective of this study was to estimate potential damage to sugarcane by plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN). We selected 15 sugarcane fields with the same cultivar and cropping type in Kitadaito Island. Various kinds of PPN were found in all the fields and the proportion of PPN to the total nematode number was ca 50%, which is relatively high compared to other Japanese upland fields. Lesion (Pratylenchus sp.), stunt (Tylenchorhynchus sp.) and spiral (Helicotylenchus sp.) nematodes were detected at mean densities of 48, 22 and 6 (20 g soil)−1, respectively, from all the fields, and lance (Hoplolaimus sp.) and ring nematodes from half of the fields. The results suggested that sugarcane fields in Kitadaito Island were ubiquitously infested with a variety of PPN with a relatively high abundance. One of the fields was studied further to examine the potential relationship between PPN and sugarcane plant growth. Since no nematicide is registered for sugarcane fields in Japan, an appropriate agrochemical was selected by testing its efficacy against PPN before evaluating the relationship between a PPN community and sugarcane growth. The results of a 10-week pot experiment for sugarcane growth showed that the number of PPN decreased by applying a nematicide fosthiazate, and that sugarcane seedling biomass was significantly greater by 34-63% in soils with applied nematicide than in non-applied control soils, suggesting that PPN may suppress sugarcane growth in Kitadaito Island.

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Nematode Management in the Strawberry Fields of Southern Spain

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy9050252 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 252 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Miguel Talavera ◽

Luis Miranda ◽

José Antonio Gómez-Mora ◽

María Dolores Vela ◽

Soledad Verdejo-Lucas

Keyword(s):

Tolerance Limit ◽

Southern Spain ◽

Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Soil Nematode ◽

Pratylenchus Penetrans ◽

Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Population Densities ◽

The Impact ◽

Plant Parasitic ◽

Strawberry Cultivars

(1) Background: Spain is the sixth strawberry producer in the world, with about 6500 ha producing more than 350,000 tons, and an annual commercial value about 390 million €. Stunted and dead strawberry plants are frequently associated with plant-parasitic nematodes, but nematode diseases have not been characterized to date in the country. (2) Methods: A poll on the perception of the impact of nematodes on strawberry production was carried out by face-to-face interviews with farm advisors. In addition, nematological field surveys were carried out at the end of the growing season in 2017 and 2018 to determine prevalence and abundance of plant-parasitic nematodes in strawberry crops. The host suitability to Meloidogyne hapla of seventeen strawberry cultivars and the tolerance limit to M. hapla at progressively higher initial population densities (Pi) were assessed in pot experiments in a growth chamber. Comparison of the relative efficacies of several soil disinfestation methods in controlling nematode populations (M. hapla and Pratylenchus penetrans) was carried out in experimental field trials for twelve consecutive years. (3) Results: Meloidogyne spp., Pratylenchus penetrans, and Hemicycliophora spp. were the main plant-parasitic nematodes in the strawberry fields in South Spain. Root-knot nematodes were found in 90% of the fields, being M. hapla the most prevalent species (71% of the fields). A tolerance limit of 0.2 M. hapla juveniles per g of soil was estimated for strawberry, and currently cropped strawberry cultivars did not show resistance to M. hapla. Nematode population densities were reduced by more than 70% by soil fumigation with 1,3-dichloropropene, dazomet, dimethyl-disulfide, and methyl iodide. The efficacy of metam-sodium in reducing nematode populations was about 50% and that of chloropicrin, furfural, and sodium-azide, less than 40%. Combination of solarization with organic manures (biosolarization) reduced soil nematode populations by 68–73%. (4) Conclusions: Plant-parasitic nematodes (Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, and Hemicycliophora) are widely distributed in the strawberry fields of Southern Spain. Strawberry is a poor host for M. hapla with a tolerance limit of 0.2 J2 per g of soil, and low population increases in cropping cycles of 7–8 months. Strawberry cultivars show a range of susceptibility and tolerance to M. hapla, but no resistance is found. Nematodes are effectively controlled by chemical fumigation of soils, but soil biosolarization is equally effective, and therefore, can be proposed as a sustainable alternative for pathogen control in strawberry cultivation.

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Yield losses caused by plant parasitic nematodes graphical estimation

10.53937/9789975315975.60 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Nicola Sasanelli ◽

◽

Ion Toderas ◽

Elena Iurcu-Straistaru ◽

Stefan Rusu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Population Density ◽

Relative Yield ◽

Tolerance Limit ◽

Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Soil Nematode ◽

Yield Losses ◽

Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Nematode Population Density ◽

The Relationship ◽

Plant Parasitic

Curves for graphical estimation of yield losses caused by plant parasitic nematodes were calculated on the basis of the relationship between soil nematode population density and damage to plants as described by the Seinhort’s equation y = m + (1 – m) z(P-T). By a logarithmic transformation this equation was transformed as y = m + (1 – m) 1.05[(P/-T) + 1] and solved considering values of tolerance limit (T) and the minimum relative yield (m) from the literature. The obtained curves that can be defined “Curves of nematode-pathogenicity” allow a quick and easy evaluation of yield losses for each known crop-nematode relationship.

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