Exploratory study of atmospheric methane enhancements derived from natural gas use in the Houston urban area

This is an exploratory study that explores the experiences of lactating women in initiating, continuing, or discontinuing breastfeeding in an urban area of Karachi, Pakistan. Objectives. To explore the experiences of lactating women and to understand their support and hindering mechanisms in initiating and maintaining breastfeeding. Methods. This is an exploratory design assisting in exploring the participant's experiences of initiating and maintaining breastfeeding to better understand their world. Purposive sampling was used, and data was analyzed through manual thematic analysis. Results. The data revealed that mother's knowledge, sociocultural environment, breastfeeding decision, and self- and professional support acted as driving forces for the participants. However, sociocultural environment, physiological changes, time management, and being a housewife to breastfeed their children were all challenges and barriers that the participants thought hindered their breastfeeding initiation and maintenance. Conclusion. Breastfeeding is a natural but taxing phenomenon, and breastfeeding mothers experience supporting and hindering factors in initiating and maintaining breastfeeding.

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Measurements of the background methane concentration with a remote lidar on kilometer routes in the Moscow region.

Journal of Radio Electronics ◽

10.30898/1684-1719.2021.9.10 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 (9) ◽

Author(s):

V.I. Grigorievsky ◽

◽

V.P. Sadovnikov ◽

A.V. Elbakidze ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Natural Gas ◽

Solid Waste ◽

Methane Concentration ◽

Radiation Power ◽

Heavy Traffic ◽

Moscow Region ◽

Background Concentration ◽

Atmospheric Methane ◽

Waste Landfill ◽

Livestock Farm

Local path measurements of the background methane concentration in the northeast of the Moscow Region were carried out using a remote active lidar based on a powerful Raman amplifier of optical radiation in the wavelength range of ~ 1650 nm. The radiation power in the pulse was about 3 W. The trasses were selected taking into account possible anomalous deviations of the background of atmospheric methane and included forests, gasified buildings with natural gas, a peat lake, a road with heavy traffic, a livestock farm and a solid waste landfill. The length of the distances ranged from ~ 0.6 km to ~ 3.15 km. The highest background concentration of methane was observed over a livestock farm, over a highway and a solid waste landfill, which confirms the fact of an increase in gas emissions over these facilities. Also higher methane levels were observed above of the gasified homes and the heavy traffic road, indicating a possible increase in the number of vehicles using methane as fuel and a possible leak of natural gas from pipelines supplying buildings with natural gas.

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An Exploratory Study of Air Quality Near Natural Gas Operations

Human and Ecological Risk Assessment An International Journal ◽

10.1080/10807039.2012.749447 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 86-105 ◽

Cited By ~ 102

Author(s):

Theo Colborn ◽

Kim Schultz ◽

Lucille Herrick ◽

Carol Kwiatkowski

Keyword(s):

Air Quality ◽

Natural Gas ◽

Exploratory Study

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Continuous CH4 and d13CH4 measurements in London demonstrate under-reported natural gas leakage

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-10995 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Eric Saboya ◽

Giulia Zazzeri ◽

Heather Graven ◽

Alistair J. Manning ◽

Sylvia Englund Michel

Keyword(s):

Natural Gas ◽

Atmospheric Chemistry ◽

Dispersion Model ◽

Measurement Data ◽

Atmospheric Methane ◽

Bottom Up ◽

Keeling Plot ◽

Regional Emissions ◽

The Uk ◽

Gas Leaks

Assessment of bottom-up greenhouse gas emissions estimates through independent methods is needed to demonstrate whether reported values are accurate or if bottom-up methodologies need to be refined. Previous studies of measurements of atmospheric methane (CH4) in London revealed that inventories substantially underestimated the amount of natural gas CH4&#160;1,2. We report atmospheric CH4&#160;concentrations and &#948;13CH4&#160;measurements from Imperial College London since early 2018 using a Picarro G2201-i analyser. Measurements from Sept. 2019-Oct. 2020 were compared to the values simulated using the dispersion model NAME coupled with the UK national atmospheric emissions inventory, NAEI, and the global inventory, EDGAR, for emissions outside the UK. Simulations of CH4&#160;concentration and &#948;13CH4&#160;values were generated using nested NAME back-trajectories with horizontal spatial resolutions of 2 km, 10 km and 30 km. Observed concentrations were underestimated in the simulations by 22 % for all data, and by 16 % when using only 13:00-17:00 data. There was no correlation between the measured and simulated &#948;13CH4&#160;values. On average, simulated natural gas mole fractions accounted for 28 % of the CH4 added by regional emissions, and simulated water sector mole fractions accounted for 32 % of the CH4added by regional emissions. To estimate the isotopic source signatures for individual pollution events, an algorithm was created for automatically analysing measurement data by using the Keeling plot approach. Nearly 70 % of isotopic source values were higher than -50 &#8240;, suggesting the primary CH4 sources in London are natural gas leaks. The model-data comparison of &#948;13CH4 and Keeling plot results both indicate that emissions due to natural gas leaks in London are being underestimated in the UK NAEI and EDGAR.&#160;1&#160;Helfter, C.&#160;et al.&#160;(2016),&#160;Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,&#160;16(16), pp. 10543-105572&#160;Zazzeri, G. et al.&#160;(2017),&#160;Scientific Reports,&#160;7(1), pp. 1-13

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