Background:Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by chronic, uncontrolled joint inflammation and tissue destruction. Macrophages are thought to be key mediators in both the initiation and perpetuation of this pathology.1,2The RA synovium contains a complex inflammatory milieu that can stimulate macrophage-dependent production of proinflammatory cytokines through multiple signaling pathways.1,2Existing evidence indicates that toll-like receptors (TLRs) and interleukin-1 receptors (IL-1R) along with their agonists, damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and IL-1β, are highly expressed in RA joints and are important mediators of synovial macrophage activation and proinflammatory cytokine production.1-9IRAK4 (interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4) is a serine/threonine kinase that facilitates TLR and IL-1R signaling in many cell types, including macrophages.10IRAK4 inhibition represents an opportunity to reduce proinflammatory cytokine production in the joints of patients with RA.Objectives:To investigate the effect of a highly selective IRAK4 inhibitor on proinflammatory cytokine production from human macrophages stimulated with synovial fluid from patients with RA.Methods:Primary human monocytes from 2 independent donors were differentiated for 6 days with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) to generate human monocyte-derived macrophages (hMDMs). hMDMs were then pretreated with an IRAK4 inhibitor for 1 hour and subsequently stimulated for 24 hours with RA synovial fluid from 5 patients. Culture supernatants were then assessed for secretion of proinflammatory cytokines by MesoScale Discovery.Results:RA synovial fluid stimulation of hMDMs resulted in the production of several proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, IL-8, and TNFα. Pretreatment of hMDMs with an IRAK4 inhibitor resulted in the dose-dependent inhibition of IL-6, IL-8, and TNFα production, with an average EC50± SD of 27 ± 31, 26 ± 41, and 28 ± 22 nM, respectively. Maximal percent suppression ± SD of IL-6, IL-8, and TNFα were 76 ± 8.8, 73 ± 15, and 77 ± 13, respectively. To evaluate the specific IRAK4-dependent signaling pathways mediating this response, hMDMs were pretreated with inhibitors of TLR4 (TAK242) and IL-1R (IL-1RA) prior to stimulation with RA synovial fluid. Both TAK242 and IL-1RA inhibited proinflammatory cytokine production. For TAK242, maximal percent suppression ± SD of IL-6, IL-8, and TNFα were 39 ± 25, 48 ± 24, and 50 ± 21, respectively. For IL-1RA maximal percent suppression ± SD of IL-6, IL-8, and TNFα were 18 ± 18, 20 ± 23, and 16 ± 18, respectively. The broad range of inhibition across each stimulation highlights the complexity and variability in the signaling pathways mediating proinflammatory cytokine production from hMDMs stimulated with RA synovial fluid, but demonstrates that RA synovial fluid can stimulate proinflammatory cytokine production in hMDMs, at least partly, through IRAK4-dependent pathways.Conclusion:This work demonstrates that IRAK4 inhibition can suppress proinflammatory cytokine production from macrophages stimulated with synovial fluid from patients with RA and supports a potential pathophysiological role for IRAK4 in perpetuating chronic inflammation in RA.References:[1]Smolen JS, et al.Nat Rev Dis Primers.2018;4:18001.[2]Udalova IA, et al.Nat Rev Rheumatol.2016;12(8):472-485.[3]Joosten LAB, et al.Nat Rev Rheumatol.2016;12(6):344-357.[4]Huang QQ, Pope RM.Curr Rheumatol Rep.2009;11(5):357-364.[5]Roh JS, Sohn DH.Immune Netw.2018;18(4):e27.[6]Sacre SM, et al.Am J Pathol.2007;170(2):518-525.[7]Ultaigh SNA, et al.Arthritis Res Ther.2011;13(1):R33.[8]Bottini N, Firestein GS.Nat Rev Rheumatol.2013;9(1):24-33.[9]Firestein GS, McInnes IB.Immunity.2017;46(2):183-196.[10]Janssens S, Beyaert R.Mol Cell.2003;11(2):293-302.Disclosure of Interests:Adam Yadon Employee of: Gilead, Debbie Ruelas Employee of: Gilead, Gundula Min-Oo Employee of: Gilead, James Taylor Employee of: Gilead, Matthew R. Warr Employee of: Gilead
Downregulation of microRNA-451 in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis inhibits fatty acid-induced proinflammatory cytokine production through the AMPK/AKT pathway
