Addressing the needs for improving classical biological control programs in the USA

2017 ◽  
Vol 106 ◽  
pp. 35-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph M. DiTomaso ◽  
Robert A. Van Steenwyk ◽  
Robert M. Nowierski ◽  
Laura A. Meyerson ◽  
Otto C. Doering ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Classical Biological Control ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
The Usa

Biological control of Drosophila suzukii.

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (054) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xing-eng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Classical Biological Control ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Drosophila Suzukii ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Crop Fields ◽  
Indigenous Natural Enemies

Abstract Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) is native to East Asia but has widely established in the Americas and Europe, where it is a devastating pest of soft-skinned fruits. It has a wide host range and these non-crop habitats harbor the fly which then repeatedly reinvades crop fields. Biological control in non-crop habitats could be the cornerstone for sustainable management at the landscape level. Toward this goal, researchers have developed or investigated biological control tactics. We review over 100 studies, conducted in the Americas, Asia and Europe on natural enemies of D. suzukii. Two previous reviews provided an overview of potential natural enemies and detailed accounts on foreign explorations. Here, we provide an up-to-date list of known or evaluated parasitoids, predators and entomopathogens (pathogenic fungi, bacteria, nematodes, and viruses) and summarize research progress to date. We emphasize a systematic approach toward the development of biological control strategies that can stand alone or be combined with more conventional control tools. Finally, we propose a framework for the integrated use of biological control tools, from classical biological control with host-specific Asian parasitoids, to augmentative and conservation biological control with indigenous natural enemies, to the use of entomopathogens. This review provides a roadmap to foster the use of biological control tools in more sustainable D. suzukii control programs.

scholarly journals Biological control of fruit flies in Brazil

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatriz Jordão Paranhos ◽  
Dori Edson Nava ◽  
Aldo Malavasi
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Classical Biological Control ◽  
Fruit Flies ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Bactrocera Carambolae ◽  
Fruit Growing ◽  
Effective Use

Abstract: Fruit flies are the main pests of fruit growing in Brazil. They have been managed predominantly with the use of insecticides applied as cover spray and or/as toxic baits. Currently, the trend of management strategies is toward the adoption of methods that cause the lowest environmental impact in large areas. In this context, biological control is an excellent option to be used together with other management strategies, such as sterile insects, because it leaves no residues, does not disturb nontarget pests, and can be permanent if the natural enemy establishes itself in the field. This review paper addresses the current knowledge on the biological control of fruit flies in Brazil, highlighting the great biodiversity of its natural enemies, especially parasitoids, its biology and ecology. The classical biological control programs in Brazil are also reported, from the introduction of Tetrastichus giffardianus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), in 1937, to control Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae), to that of Fopius arisanus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), in 2012, to control Bactrocera carambolae (Diptera: Tephritidae). Finally, the obtained advances are pointed out, as well as the main bottlenecks and perspectives for the effective use of biological control programs against fruit flies.

Predicting the Outcome of Biological Control

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith H. Myers
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Exotic Species ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Classical Biological Control ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Native Communities ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Native Habitat

The movement of humans around the earth has been associated with an amazing redistribution of a variety of organisms to new continents and exotic islands. The natural biodiversity of native communities is threatened by new invasive species, and many of the most serious insect and weed pests are exotics. Classical biological control is one approach to dealing with nonindigenous species. If introduced species that lack natural enemies are competitively superior in exotic habitats, introducing some of their predators (herbivores), diseases, or parasitoids may reduce their population densities. Thus, the introduction of more exotic species may be necessary to reduce the competitive superiority of nonindigenous pests. The intentional introduction of insects as biological control agents provides an experimental arena in which adaptations and interactions among species may be tested. We can use biological control programs to explore such evolutionary questions as: What characteristics make a natural enemy a successful biological control agent? Does coevolution of herbivores and hosts or predators (parasitoids) and prey result in few species of natural enemies having the potential to be successful biological control agents? Do introduced natural enemies make unexpected host range shifts in new environments? Do exotic species lose their defense against specialized natural enemies after living for many generations without them? If coevolution is a common force in nature, we expect biological control interactions to demonstrate a dynamic interplay between hosts and their natural enemies. In this chapter, I consider biological control introductions to be experiments that might yield evidence on how adaptation molds the interactions between species and their natural enemies. I argue that the best biological control agents will be those to which the target hosts have not evolved resistance. Classical biological control is the movement of natural enemies from a native habitat to an exotic habitat where their host has become a pest. This approach to exotic pests has been practiced since the late 1800s, when Albert Koebele explored the native habitat of the cottony cushion scale, Icrya purchasi, in Australia and introduced Vadalia cardinalis beetles (see below) to control the cottony cushion scale on citrus in California. This control has continued to be a success.

scholarly journals Adventive Gryon aetherium Talamas (Hymenoptera, Scelionidae) associated with eggs of Bagrada hilaris (Burmeister) (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae) in the USA

2021 ◽  
Vol 87 ◽  
pp. 481-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian N. Hogg ◽  
Evelyne Hougardy ◽  
Elijah Talamas
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Classical Biological Control ◽  
Female Offspring ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Northern California ◽  
Cole Crops ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Major Pest ◽  
Infested Site

Bagrada bug, Bagrada hilaris (Burmeister) (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae), has become a major pest of cole crops (cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, kale) in California since its arrival in 2008. In this study we documented parasitism of B. hilaris eggs at a highly infested site in northern California by deploying sentinel B. hilaris eggs and collecting naturally-laid B. hilaris eggs in the soil. Two parasitoids, Gryon aetherium Talamas (Hymenoptera, Scelionidae) and Ooencyrtus californicus Girault (Hymenoptera, Encyrtidae), emerged from sentinel eggs, but only G. aetherium was documented attacking eggs in the soil. Gryon aetherium is currently being assessed as a classical biological control agent for B. hilaris in California, and mating experiments showed that crosses between G. aetherium from Pakistan and California yielded viable female offspring. This report marks the first known record of G. aetherium in the USA, and further work should be conducted to assess the potential of this parasitoid for biological control of B. hilaris.

Analysis of Classical Biological Control Programs

1982 ◽  
pp. 131-163
Author(s):  
Robert van den Bosch ◽  
P. S. Messenger ◽  
A. P. Gutierrez
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Classical Biological Control ◽  
Control Programs

scholarly journals Characteristics of the meconia of European egg parasitoids of Halyomorpha halys

2020 ◽  
Vol 77 ◽  
pp. 187-201
Author(s):  
Giuseppino Sabbatini-Peverieri ◽  
Lucrezia Giovannini ◽  
Claudia Benvenuti ◽  
Luca Madonni ◽  
Kim Hoelmer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Classical Biological Control ◽  
Egg Parasitoid ◽  
Egg Parasitoids ◽  
Halyomorpha Halys ◽  
Parasitoid Species ◽  
The Usa

Halyomorpha halys is a severe invasive Asian pest worldwide and classical biological control is foreseen as the most promising control method. Egg parasitoids appear to be the most important natural enemies of this pest, especially the Asian hymenopteran Trissolcus japonicus. In the invaded areas, only a few egg parasitoid species have been able to adopt H. halys as a host. Anastatus bifasciatus is the most common native egg parasitoid of H. halys in Europe, but reaches only low levels of parasitization, while several other native species are only occasionally found. Recently, adventive populations have been found both in the USA and in Europe of T. japonicus, and in Italy of a second Asian species, Trissolcus mitsukurii. Species identification based on morphological traits by specialists or by molecular analysis is a crucial step in the management of biological control programs. The ability to identify the genus or species within a narrow guild of egg parasitoids based on adult emergence holes and meconium features can be a simple and useful method to support management efforts. We present here detailed descriptions of the meconium of the most frequent parasitoid species attacking H. halys in Europe and the characteristics of their emergence holes of the adult wasps.

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