Use of an extruder for pre-mixing enhances xylanase action on wheat bran at low water content

2013 ◽  
Vol 149 ◽  
pp. 191-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Outi Santala ◽  
Emilia Nordlund ◽  
Kaisa Poutanen
Keyword(s):  
2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhongwei Chen ◽  
Qing Xia ◽  
Baoping Zha ◽  
Jun Sun ◽  
Bin Xu ◽  
...  

2011 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Outi Santala ◽  
Pekka Lehtinen ◽  
Emilia Nordlund ◽  
Tapani Suortti ◽  
Kaisa Poutanen
Keyword(s):  

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 48
Author(s):  
Devi Sepmita Wulansari ◽  
Supranto Supranto

There are approximately 14.5% of whole wheat which belongs to bran and contains cellulose (33.7-40%), hemicellulose (21-26%), lignin (11–22.9%) and the other components. Cellulose is polysaccharide which is composed of 2000-3000 unit of glucose. Cellulose purification from the wheat bran can be done by the hydrolysis, followed by the processes of delignification and bleaching. The experiments were perfomed first by hydrolizing 20 grams of wheat bran using 250 mL of 2.5 N HCl solution for 2 hours at temperature of 80oC. The next process was delignification using 400 mL of NaOH solution and was conducted by varying the time in 1 hour, 1,5 hours, 2 hours, and 2.5 hours and the concentration of NaOH solution in 0.5 N; 1 N; 1.5 N; 2 N. For the last process, bleaching was performed by using 300 mL of H2O2 10% solution in temperature of 80oC for 1 hour. The sample was then dried in order to remove water content by getting the sample in the oven for 1 hour at temperature of 40oC. The goals of the experiments were to find the correlation between the variation of time and NaOH concentration to the cellulose quality in terms of the color and the structure of cellulose sample and and to the quantitative measure which was the yield of the sample. The best product was obtained at the optimum operation of 2.5 hours delignification and 1.55 N of NaOH concentration. Keywords: wheat bran, cellulose, hydrolysis, delignification, bleaching Wheat bran merupakan kulit luar gandum dengan jumlah sekitar 14,5% dari total keseluruhan gandum selain mengandung selulosa (33,7-40%), hemiselulosa (21-26%), lignin (11–22,9%) dan komponen-komponen lainnya. Selulosa merupakan polisakarida yang terdiri dari 2000-3000 unit glukosa. Pengambilan selulosa dari wheat bran dapat dilakukan dengan beberapa tahapan yakni dimulai dengan proses hidrolisis dilanjutkan dengan proses delignifikasi dan yang terakhir adalah proses bleaching. Percobaan dilakukan dengan menghidrolisis wheat bran sebanyak 20 gram menggunakan larutan HCl 2,5 N sebanyak 250 mL dalam waktu 2 jam pada suhu 80oC. Dilanjutkan dengan proses delignifikasi wheat bran pada suhu 80oC dengan menggunakan larutan NaOH sebanyak 400 mL. Proses delignifikasi dilakukan dengan membuat variasi waktu percobaan dan konsentrasi NaOH. Waktu percobaan divariasikan 1 jam; 1,5 jam; 2 jam; 2,5 jam sedangkan konsentrasi NaOH divariasikan 0,5 N; 1 N, 1,5 N; 2 N. Tahapan terakhir adalah bleaching larutan H2O2 10% sebanyak 300 mL, dan proses ini dilakukan selama 1 jam pada suhu 80oC. Hasil akhir dihilangkan kadar airnya dengan mengoven sampel selama 1 jam dalam oven bersuhu 400 C. Hasil yang akan dianalisis dari percobaan ini adalah kualitas dengan parameter struktur dan warna sampel selulosa serta kuantitas selulosa dengan parameter yield. Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh kondisi optimum untuk proses delignifikasi untuk nilai total tertinggi adalah 2,5 jam dan konsentrasi sebesar 1,55 N. Kata kunci: wheat bran, selulosa, hidrolisis,delignifikasi, bleaching


Author(s):  
Songquan Sun ◽  
Richard D. Leapman

Analyses of ultrathin cryosections are generally performed after freeze-drying because the presence of water renders the specimens highly susceptible to radiation damage. The water content of a subcellular compartment is an important quantity that must be known, for example, to convert the dry weight concentrations of ions to the physiologically more relevant molar concentrations. Water content can be determined indirectly from dark-field mass measurements provided that there is no differential shrinkage between compartments and that there exists a suitable internal standard. The potential advantage of a more direct method for measuring water has led us to explore the use of electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) for characterizing biological specimens in their frozen hydrated state.We have obtained preliminary EELS measurements from pure amorphous ice and from cryosectioned frozen protein solutions. The specimens were cryotransfered into a VG-HB501 field-emission STEM equipped with a 666 Gatan parallel-detection spectrometer and analyzed at approximately −160 C.


Author(s):  
R.D. Leapman ◽  
S.Q. Sun ◽  
S-L. Shi ◽  
R.A. Buchanan ◽  
S.B. Andrews

Recent advances in rapid-freezing and cryosectioning techniques coupled with use of the quantitative signals available in the scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) can provide us with new methods for determining the water distributions of subcellular compartments. The water content is an important physiological quantity that reflects how fluid and electrolytes are regulated in the cell; it is also required to convert dry weight concentrations of ions obtained from x-ray microanalysis into the more relevant molar ionic concentrations. Here we compare the information about water concentrations from both elastic (annular dark-field) and inelastic (electron energy loss) scattering measurements.In order to utilize the elastic signal it is first necessary to increase contrast by removing the water from the cryosection. After dehydration the tissue can be digitally imaged under low-dose conditions, in the same way that STEM mass mapping of macromolecules is performed. The resulting pixel intensities are then converted into dry mass fractions by using an internal standard, e.g., the mean intensity of the whole image may be taken as representative of the bulk water content of the tissue.


1982 ◽  
Vol 43 (C9) ◽  
pp. C9-455-C9-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Takata ◽  
M. Tomozawa ◽  
J. Acocella ◽  
J. Molinelli ◽  
C. Y. Erwin ◽  
...  

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