Discovery and qualification of novel biomarkers with improved specificity and sensitivity for detection of xenobiotic-induced injuries is an area of active research across multiple sectors. However, the majority of efforts in this arena have used genetically limited rodent stocks that lack variability in xenobiotic responses inherent to genetically heterogeneous human populations. In this study, genetically diverse Diversity Outbred (DO) mice were used as a surrogate for human clinical populations to investigate performance of urinary kidney biomarkers against classical preclinical kidney injury biomarkers (blood urea nitrogen [BUN] and serum creatinine). In this study, cisplatin was used as a paradigm kidney toxicant, with female adult DO mice exposed to a single injection (5 mg/kg) of cisplatin or vehicle and necropsied 72 h post-exposure and 18 h following overnight urine collection. Interindividual variability in kidney toxicity was observed, with DO mice experiencing either no tubule cell necrosis or minimal-mild necrosis. A panel of urinary protein biomarkers and profiled miRNAs were assessed by receiver-operating characteristic curves as to their ability to distinguish non-responder versus responder animals, as defined by histopathological evidence of renal tubule cell necrosis. A surprising outcome of these studies was that BUN was elevated alongside of urinary miRNA and protein biomarkers in animals with grade 2 proximal tubular cell necrosis; but not elevated with grade 1 necrosis. These studies demonstrate a novel approach for using a rodent population to better assess sensitivity of candidate biomarkers, especially for proposed clinical applications. Impact statement Recent studies have indicated that several urinary proteins and miRNA species may be suitable as biomarkers for acute kidney injury. A major focus on biomarker qualification is demonstrating improved specificity and sensitivity over gold standard tests. In this study, a mouse population model, Diversity Outbred mice, was used to demonstrate that neither the urinary protein markers nor the miRNA species assayed in urine could reliably detect low severity kidney injury better than blood urea nitrogen. This study has implications for use of these biomarkers in the clinic, where interindividual heterogeneity is present within patient populations and for which the underlying tissue pathology may not be known.
Genetic variability affects the skeletal response to immobilization in founder strains of the diversity outbred mouse population
