Field measurements of the environmental parameter and pollutant dispersion in urban undersea road tunnel

2019 ◽  
Vol 149 ◽  
pp. 100-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingnian Wang ◽  
Xu Wang ◽  
Li Yu ◽  
Tao Deng
2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 12235-12278 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Huang ◽  
S. L. Gong ◽  
M. Gordon ◽  
J. Liggio ◽  
R. M. Staebler ◽  
...  

Abstract. Many studies have shown that on-road vehicle emissions are the dominant source of ultrafine particles (UFP; diameter < 100 nm) in urban areas and near-roadway environments. In order to advance our knowledge on the complex interactions and competition among atmospheric dilution, dispersion and dynamics of UFPs, an aerosol dynamics-CFD coupled model is developed and validated against field measurements. A unique approach of applying periodic boundary conditions is proposed to model pollutant dispersion and dynamics in one unified domain from the tailpipe level to the ambient near-road environment. This approach significantly reduces the size of the computational domain, and therefore, allows fast simulation of multiple scenarios. The model is validated against measured turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) and pollution gradients near a major highway. Through a model sensitivity analysis, the relative importance of individual aerosol dynamical processes on the total particle number concentration (N) and particle number-size distribution (PSD) near a highway is investigated. The results demonstrate that (1) coagulation has a negligible effect on N and particle growth, (2) binary homogeneous nucleation (BHN) of H2SO4-H2O is likely responsible for elevated N closest to the road, (3) N and particle growth are very sensitive to the condensation of semi-volatile organics (SVOCs), particle dry deposition, and the interaction between these processes. The results also indicate that, without the proper treatment of atmospheric boundary layer (i.e. its wind profile and turbulence quantities), the nucleation rate would be underestimated by a factor of 5 in the vehicle wake region due to overestimated mixing. Therefore, introducing ABL conditions to activity-based emission models may potentially improve their performance in estimating UFP traffic emissions.


2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Nicolás Ramírez ◽  
Afshin Afshari ◽  
Julián García

Characterizing the urban form of cities from an aerodynamic point of view is essential to forecast pollutant dispersion, to implement and understand natural ventilation strategies or to enhance outdoor thermal comfort and pedestrian wind environment, to name a few. Nonetheless, accurate results make use, normally, of Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) simulations, wind tunnel experiments and/or field measurements. However, these methodologies are expensive, time consuming and sometimes impossible to carry out. Therefore, simplified ways of characterizing a city aerodynamically must be put forward to bridge this gap. Two of the most common aerodynamic parameters, namely z0 (roughness length) and zd (zero displacement length), can be related to the morphometry of the urban shape through simple morphometric indexes. This paper explores and analyses these indexes, and suggests an alternative and improved definition that might achieve more accurate results.ResumenCaracterizar la forma urbana de las ciudades desde un punto de vista aerodinámico es esencial para poder prever la dispersión de contaminantes, para implementar y comprender las estrategias de ventilación natural o para mejorar el control térmico en exteriores o el ambiente de viento peatonal, por citar sólo algunos casos. Para cualquiera de estos análisis, si se desea disponer de valores de cierta precisión es habitual emplear simulaciones mediante dinámica de fluidos computacional (CFD), experimentos en túnel de viento y/o tomas de datos de campo. Estos métodos, sin embargo, implican una inversión económica y temporal que en ocasiones no es posible realizar. El empleo de métodos simplificados para caracterizar la ciudad desde un punto de vista aerodinámico puede ayudar a hacer más sencillos estos procesos. Dos de los parámetros aerodinámicos más habituales, z0 (rugosidad superficial) y zd (longitud desplazamiento cero) pueden ponerse en relación con la morfometría de la forma urbana a través de índices morfométricos simples. Esta comunicación explora y analiza estos índices, y sugiere una definición alternativa y mejorada que puede posibilitar resultados más ajustados.


1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.R. Haag ◽  
P. Owens ◽  
D. Mayszak ◽  
J. Katona ◽  
B. Mangilin ◽  
...  

Author(s):  
Cecile De Klein ◽  
Jim Paton ◽  
Stewart Ledgard

Strategic de-stocking in winter is a common management practice on dairy farms in Southland, New Zealand, to protect the soil against pugging damage. This paper examines whether this practice can also be used to reduce nitrate leaching losses. Model analyses and field measurements were used to estimate nitrate leaching losses and pasture production under two strategic de-stocking regimes: 3 months off-farm or 5 months on a feed pad with effluent collected and applied back to the land. The model analyses, based on the results of a long-term farmlet study under conventional grazing and on information for an average New Zealand farm, suggested that the 3- or 5-month de-stocking could reduce nitrate leaching losses by about 20% or 35-50%, respectively compared to a conventional grazing system. Field measurements on the Taieri Plain in Otago support these findings, although the results to date are confounded by drought conditions during the 1998 and 1999 seasons. The average nitrate concentration of the drainage water of a 5-month strategic de-stocking treatment was about 60% lower than under conventional grazing. Pasture production of the 5-month strategic de-stocking regime with effluent return was estimated based on data for apparent N efficiency of excreta patches versus uniformlyspread farm dairy effluent N. The results suggested that a strategic de-stocking regime could increase pasture production by about 2 to 8%. A cost/ benefit analysis of the 5-month de-stocking system using a feed pad, comparing additional capital and operational costs with additional income from a 5% increase in DM production, show a positive return on capital for an average New Zealand dairy farm. This suggests that a strategic destocking system has good potential as a management tool to reduce nitrate leaching losses in nitrate sensitive areas whilst being economically viable, particularly on farms where an effluent application system or a feed pad are already in place. Keywords: dairying, feed pads, nitrate leaching, nitrogen efficiency, productivity, strategic de-stocking


2016 ◽  
Vol 78 ◽  
pp. 203-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.J. Hutchinson ◽  
D.R. Scobie ◽  
J. Beautrais ◽  
A.D. Mackay ◽  
G.M. Rennie ◽  
...  

To develop a protocol to guide pasture sampling for estimation of paddock pasture mass in hill country, a range of pasture sampling strategies, including random sampling, transects and stratification based on slope and aspect, were evaluated using simulations in a Geographical Information Systems computer environment. The accuracy and efficiency of each strategy was tested by sampling data obtained from intensive field measurements across several farms, regions and seasons. The number of measurements required to obtain an accurate estimate was related to the overall pasture mass and the topographic complexity of a paddock, with more variable paddocks requiring more samples. Random sampling from average slopes provided the best balance between simplicity and reliability. A draft protocol was developed from the simulations, in the form of a decision support tool, where visual determination of the topographic complexity of the paddock, along with the required accuracy, were used to guide the number of measurements recommended. The protocol was field tested and evaluated by groups of users for efficacy and ease of use. This sampling protocol will offer farmers, consultants and researchers an efficient, reliable and simple way to determine pasture mass in New Zealand hill country settings. Keywords: hill country, feed budgeting, protocol pasture mass, slope


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