scholarly journals Associations of house characteristics with indoor dampness and measured moisture: Results from three New Zealand House Condition Surveys in 2005, 2010 and 2015

2021 ◽  
pp. 108508
Author(s):  
Phoebe Taptiklis ◽  
Robyn Phipps ◽  
Mark Jones ◽  
Jeroen Douwes
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
House Condition

scholarly journals Moisture in New Zealand Bathrooms - Analysing Moisture Events

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Alister Stubbe
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Indoor Environment ◽  
Rapid Change ◽  
Absolute Humidity ◽  
Building Code ◽  
Large Impact ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Typical Day ◽  
House Condition ◽  
The Impact

<p>A literature review was carried out on the impact of moisture in New Zealand homes as well as the role ventilation and occupant behaviour play in controlling this. Bathrooms in residential homes were identified as being especially vulnerable. NZS4303:1990, clause G4 Ventilation of the New Zealand Building Code, and clause E3 of the New Zealand Building Code were summarised to provide context for how New Zealand buildings are designed.  Measurements taken in houses throughout New Zealand by BRANZ as part of the House Condition Survey were made available for analysis. This included measurements of relative humidity and temperature.  Data from one Dunedin house was thoroughly explored. This involved three objectives. The first step focused on identifying periods of rapid change in the amount of moisture introduced to the indoor environment, measured in absolute humidity. These periods were named 'moisture events'. The second objective was to visually communicate the changes in temperature and absolute humidity taking place on individual days, highlighting moisture events. The third objective was to analyse the identified moisture events, finding the key areas to focus on for the full analysis as well as areas that could be explored in further research. This process was then applied to all remaining houses.  Moisture events were grouped into four categories: increases, decreases, episodes, and combinations. Episodes were the focus of the analysis, representing moisture being actively introduced to the indoor environment and then removed. These categories were further filtered, identifying the moisture events were most likely to have had a large impact on the indoor environment. Days were broken into four hour periods, with the filtered moisture events taking place in each period recorded. These were used to identify patterns in moisture events for each house. If a certain pattern of moisture events frequently took place, then days containing that pattern were described as a 'typical day' for that house.  The mean and median absolute humidity at the start, peak, and end of the unfiltered episodes from each house were then calculated. The mean and median episode length was also calculated. The results were compared to the Household Energy End-use Project (HEEP) and to the typical days for each house. The results were grouped according to factors such as the number of bathrooms in the house, the floor area, the house location, and the event length.  The number of bathrooms present in the house was found to have a large impact on the size and frequency of moisture events. As expected, larger bathrooms recorded lower increases in absolute humidity from the start to the peak of episodes. Rooms with a greater volume would require more moisture to reach the same number of grams of water per cubic metre. However, the smallest bathrooms also recorded low increases in absolute humidity.</p>

scholarly journals Exploring the Use of Mould Estimation Software in New Zealand Residential Houses

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Jarred Butler
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Research Association ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Adverse Health ◽  
House Condition ◽  
The Impact

<p>Regularly being exposed to the types of mould spores that can grow in houses has been shown to lead to adverse health effects such as respiratory diseases, and the exacerbation of asthma. While susceptible groups such as children, the elderly, and atopic persons are more susceptible to these effects, adverse health effects from mould spores have been shown to affect non-topic populations.  The 2015 Building Research Association of New Zealand House Condition Survey found that 46% of owner-occupied properties, and 54% of rented properties in a representative sample of the New Zealand housing stock have some form of mould in them. This means that a large portion of the population could be at risk of suffering from the adverse health effects associated with mould growth in houses. Increased air-tightness in new houses could also be at risk of being under-ventilated, potentially exacerbating this mould issue.  It is unknown whether the current New Zealand Building Code, at the time of writing, provides sufficient ventilation requirements to prevent new houses from being under-ventilated. It also does not consider existing houses, which is where most of the mould in the HCS was found.  This study explored whether data from the House Condition Survey and WuFi-Bio could be used to test mould mitigation strategies in New Zealand residential bathrooms. This was done by modelling a subset of houses from the House Condition Survey in WuFi-Pro, estimating the risk of mould in them with WuFi-Bio, and comparing this to the observations from the House Condition Survey. Parameters in the models were then changed to reflect the impact that strategies would have on the humidity and temperature in the bathrooms. The aim of this was to develop a hierarchy of recommendations that could help home occupiers and designers determine the most appropriate methods they could use to prevent mould from growing in their homes/designs.  However, the results did not align with the observations from the House Condition Survey, and testing the validity of the models by exploring the impact of assumptions showed they had no significant impact. The cause of this misalignment could not be determined, however a lack of internal condition time-series data and information about how observed mould from the House Condition Survey were identified of areas of uncertainty and prevented further exploration.  The exploration that was conducted revealed the importance of having enough data to understand the conditions that lead to any observed mould if an existing bathroom is being assessed using WuFi-Bio. It was concluded that attempting to assess a large number of houses with little data using WuFi-Bio was impractical. A controlled experimental study aimed at understanding a few houses in-depth would be a more appropriate method to test mould mitigation strategies, and help address the mould issue in New Zealand houses.</p>

scholarly journals Exploring the Use of Mould Estimation Software in New Zealand Residential Houses

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Jarred Butler
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Research Association ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Adverse Health ◽  
House Condition ◽  
The Impact

<p>Regularly being exposed to the types of mould spores that can grow in houses has been shown to lead to adverse health effects such as respiratory diseases, and the exacerbation of asthma. While susceptible groups such as children, the elderly, and atopic persons are more susceptible to these effects, adverse health effects from mould spores have been shown to affect non-topic populations.  The 2015 Building Research Association of New Zealand House Condition Survey found that 46% of owner-occupied properties, and 54% of rented properties in a representative sample of the New Zealand housing stock have some form of mould in them. This means that a large portion of the population could be at risk of suffering from the adverse health effects associated with mould growth in houses. Increased air-tightness in new houses could also be at risk of being under-ventilated, potentially exacerbating this mould issue.  It is unknown whether the current New Zealand Building Code, at the time of writing, provides sufficient ventilation requirements to prevent new houses from being under-ventilated. It also does not consider existing houses, which is where most of the mould in the HCS was found.  This study explored whether data from the House Condition Survey and WuFi-Bio could be used to test mould mitigation strategies in New Zealand residential bathrooms. This was done by modelling a subset of houses from the House Condition Survey in WuFi-Pro, estimating the risk of mould in them with WuFi-Bio, and comparing this to the observations from the House Condition Survey. Parameters in the models were then changed to reflect the impact that strategies would have on the humidity and temperature in the bathrooms. The aim of this was to develop a hierarchy of recommendations that could help home occupiers and designers determine the most appropriate methods they could use to prevent mould from growing in their homes/designs.  However, the results did not align with the observations from the House Condition Survey, and testing the validity of the models by exploring the impact of assumptions showed they had no significant impact. The cause of this misalignment could not be determined, however a lack of internal condition time-series data and information about how observed mould from the House Condition Survey were identified of areas of uncertainty and prevented further exploration.  The exploration that was conducted revealed the importance of having enough data to understand the conditions that lead to any observed mould if an existing bathroom is being assessed using WuFi-Bio. It was concluded that attempting to assess a large number of houses with little data using WuFi-Bio was impractical. A controlled experimental study aimed at understanding a few houses in-depth would be a more appropriate method to test mould mitigation strategies, and help address the mould issue in New Zealand houses.</p>

scholarly journals Moisture in New Zealand Bathrooms - Analysing Moisture Events

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Alister Stubbe
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Indoor Environment ◽  
Rapid Change ◽  
Absolute Humidity ◽  
Building Code ◽  
Large Impact ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Typical Day ◽  
House Condition ◽  
The Impact

<p>A literature review was carried out on the impact of moisture in New Zealand homes as well as the role ventilation and occupant behaviour play in controlling this. Bathrooms in residential homes were identified as being especially vulnerable. NZS4303:1990, clause G4 Ventilation of the New Zealand Building Code, and clause E3 of the New Zealand Building Code were summarised to provide context for how New Zealand buildings are designed.  Measurements taken in houses throughout New Zealand by BRANZ as part of the House Condition Survey were made available for analysis. This included measurements of relative humidity and temperature.  Data from one Dunedin house was thoroughly explored. This involved three objectives. The first step focused on identifying periods of rapid change in the amount of moisture introduced to the indoor environment, measured in absolute humidity. These periods were named 'moisture events'. The second objective was to visually communicate the changes in temperature and absolute humidity taking place on individual days, highlighting moisture events. The third objective was to analyse the identified moisture events, finding the key areas to focus on for the full analysis as well as areas that could be explored in further research. This process was then applied to all remaining houses.  Moisture events were grouped into four categories: increases, decreases, episodes, and combinations. Episodes were the focus of the analysis, representing moisture being actively introduced to the indoor environment and then removed. These categories were further filtered, identifying the moisture events were most likely to have had a large impact on the indoor environment. Days were broken into four hour periods, with the filtered moisture events taking place in each period recorded. These were used to identify patterns in moisture events for each house. If a certain pattern of moisture events frequently took place, then days containing that pattern were described as a 'typical day' for that house.  The mean and median absolute humidity at the start, peak, and end of the unfiltered episodes from each house were then calculated. The mean and median episode length was also calculated. The results were compared to the Household Energy End-use Project (HEEP) and to the typical days for each house. The results were grouped according to factors such as the number of bathrooms in the house, the floor area, the house location, and the event length.  The number of bathrooms present in the house was found to have a large impact on the size and frequency of moisture events. As expected, larger bathrooms recorded lower increases in absolute humidity from the start to the peak of episodes. Rooms with a greater volume would require more moisture to reach the same number of grams of water per cubic metre. However, the smallest bathrooms also recorded low increases in absolute humidity.</p>

Magellanic Cloud Eclipsing Binaries: Primary Distance Indicators

1999 ◽  
Vol 190 ◽  
pp. 563-566
Author(s):  
J. D. Pritchard ◽  
W. Tobin ◽  
J. V. Clausen ◽  
E. F. Guinan ◽  
E. L. Fitzpatrick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Magellanic Cloud ◽  
Eclipsing Binaries ◽  
Fundamental Parameters ◽  
Distance Indicators

Our collaboration involves groups in Denmark, the U.S.A. Spain and of course New Zealand. Combining ground-based and satellite (IUEandHST) observations we aim to determine accurate and precise stellar fundamental parameters for the components of Magellanic Cloud Eclipsing Binaries as well as the distances to these systems and hence the parent galaxies themselves. This poster presents our latest progress.

Heat-Etching with a Bullivant Type II Simple Freeze-Cleave Device

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 106-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald S. Weinstein ◽  
N. Scott McNutt
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
General Hospital ◽  
Massachusetts General Hospital ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Collaborative Effort ◽  
Temperature And Pressure ◽  
The University

The Type I simple cold block device was described by Bullivant and Ames in 1966 and represented the product of the first successful effort to simplify the equipment required to do sophisticated freeze-cleave techniques. Bullivant, Weinstein and Someda described the Type II device which is a modification of the Type I device and was developed as a collaborative effort at the Massachusetts General Hospital and the University of Auckland, New Zealand. The modifications reduced specimen contamination and provided controlled specimen warming for heat-etching of fracture faces. We have now tested the Mass. General Hospital version of the Type II device (called the “Type II-MGH device”) on a wide variety of biological specimens and have established temperature and pressure curves for routine heat-etching with the device.

A Cytochemical Study of Glucose-6-Phosphatase (G-6-PASE) in Cells Participating in Atherogenesis of Rabbit Aorta

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 460-461
Author(s):  
Sidney D. Kobernick ◽  
Edna A. Elfont ◽  
Neddra L. Brooks
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Aortic Wall ◽  
Rabbit Aorta ◽  
Plaque Formation ◽  
Metabolic Changes ◽  
Atherosclerotic Plaques ◽  
Cytochemical Study ◽  
Cellular Alteration ◽  
New Zealand White Rabbits

This cytochemical study was designed to investigate early metabolic changes in the aortic wall that might lead to or accompany development of atherosclerotic plaques in rabbits. The hypothesis that the primary cellular alteration leading to plaque formation might be due to changes in either carbohydrate or lipid metabolism led to histochemical studies that showed elevation of G-6-Pase in atherosclerotic plaques of rabbit aorta. This observation initiated the present investigation to determine how early in plaque formation and in which cells this change could be observed.Male New Zealand white rabbits of approximately 2000 kg consumed normal diets or diets containing 0.25 or 1.0 gm of cholesterol per day for 10, 50 and 90 days. Aortas were injected jin situ with glutaraldehyde fixative and dissected out. The plaques were identified, isolated, minced and fixed for not more than 10 minutes. Incubation and postfixation proceeded as described by Leskes and co-workers.

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