Inherent properties of a soil determine the extent to which that soil will erode. These properties are soil texture, soil structure, soil permeability, and the amount of soil organic matter. Soil texture consists of a mixture of soil particle sizes of sand, silt, and clay. Soil texture is also related to water movement into the soil [infiltration] and water movement through a soil (permeability). Sand grains are large and difficult to move; however, they are easily detached. Clay particles often stick together and therefore are difficult to detach; however, once detached the clays remain suspended and are easily carried and separated from the original soil mass by water. Silt is intermediate in size between sand and clay, but silt is both easily detached and easily transported. Thus, any soil that has large amounts of silt will erode easily. Infiltration. Water moves into and within a soil through the large macropores and only a very limited amount in the small micropores. Sandy soils have many large pores allowing water to move into the soils by infiltration. Conversely, clay soils have many microspores through which water passes only very slowly. Therefore, during a moderate storm, runoff and erosion would be greater from a soil with more fine textured clays than from a soil where coarse texture dominates. Permeability. Once water enters a soil, it flows within the soil. The extent of internal movement of water in a soil is the permeability of that soil. A soil aggregate is a soil granule or soil crumb consisting of a number of soil grains, that is, silt or clay, held together by a cementing substance. Aggregation is the condition of a soil having many individual aggregates. Soils that have many large stable aggregate are more permeable and are difficult to detach and erode. An aggregate has stability when it is not broken easily by water. Soil aggregates help keep the soil receptive to rapid infiltration of water and keep water from moving over the soil and eroding it.
Observation and simulation of water movement and runoff in a coarse texture water repellent soil
