Geochemical and isotopic evidence of volcanic plumbing system processes from fumarolic gases of Taal volcano, Philippines, prior to the January 2020 eruption

2021 ◽  
Vol 574 ◽  
pp. 120216
Author(s):  
P.A. Hernández ◽  
G.V. Melián ◽  
M. Asensio-Ramos ◽  
E. Padrón ◽  
H. Sumino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plumbing System ◽  
Isotopic Evidence ◽  
Taal Volcano ◽  
Volcanic Plumbing System ◽  
Fumarolic Gases

Geochemical evidence of volcanic plumbing system processes from fumarolic gases and diffuse CO2 degassing of Taal volcano, Philippines, prior to the January 2020 eruption 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro A. Hernández ◽  
Gladys Melian ◽  
María Asensio-Ramos ◽  
Eleazar Padron ◽  
Hirochicka Sumino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrothermal System ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Taal Volcano ◽  
Magmatic Intrusion ◽  
Volcanic Plumbing System ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Fumarolic Gases ◽  
Co2 Degassing ◽  
Increasing Trends

<p>Significant temporal variations in the chemical and isotopic composition of Taal fumarolic gas as well as in diffuse CO<sub>2</sub> emission from Taal Main Crater Lake (TMLC) have been observed across the ~12 years of geochemical monitoring (Arpa et al., 2013; Hernández et a., 2017), with significant high CO<sub>2 </sub>degassing rates, typical of plume degassing volcanoes, measured in 2011 and 2017. In addition to these CO<sub>2</sub> surveys at the TCML, soil CO<sub>2</sub> efflux continuous monitoring was implemented at Taal volcano since 2016 and a clear increasing trend of the soil CO<sub>2</sub> efflux in 2017 was also observed. Increasing trends on the fumarolic CO<sub>2</sub>/St, He/CO<sub>2</sub>, CO/CO<sub>2</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub>/CH<sub>4</sub> ratios were recorded during the period 2010-2011 whereas increasing SO<sub>2</sub>/H<sub>2</sub>S, H<sub>2</sub>/CO<sub>2</sub> ratios were recorded during the period 2017-2018. A decreasing on the CO<sub>2</sub>/CH<sub>4</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub>/St ratios was observed for 2017-2018. These changes are attributed to an increased contribution of magmatic fluids to the hydrothermal system in both periods. Observed changes in H<sub>2</sub> and CO contents suggest increases in temperature and pressure in the upper parts of the hydrothermal system of Taal volcano. The <sup>3</sup>He/<sup>4</sup>He ratios corrected (Rc/Ra), and δ<sup>13</sup>C of fumarolic gases also increased during the periods 2010-2011 and 2017-2018 before the eruption onset. During this study, diffuse CO<sub>2</sub> emission values measured at TMCL showed a wide range of values from >0.5 g m<sup>−2</sup> d<sup>−1</sup> up to 84,902 g m<sup>−2</sup> d<sup>−1</sup>. The observed relatively high and anomalous diffuse CO<sub>2</sub> emission rate across the ~12 years reached values of 4,670 ± 159 t d<sup>-1 </sup>on March 24, 2011, and 3,858 ± 584 t d<sup>-1</sup> on November 11, 2017. The average value of the soil CO<sub>2</sub> efflux data measured by the geochemical station showed oscillations around background values until 14 March, 2017. Since then at 22:00 hours, a sharp increase of soil CO<sub>2</sub> efflux from ~0.1 up to 1.1 kg m<sup>-2</sup> d<sup>-1</sup> was measured in 9 hours and continued to show a sustained increase in time up to 2.9 kg m<sup>-2</sup> d<sup>-1</sup> in 2 November, that represents the main long-term variation of the soil CO<sub>2</sub> emission time series. All the above variations might be produced by two episodes of magmatic intrusion which favored degassing of a gas-rich magma at depth. During the 2010-2011 the magmatic intrusion of volatile-rich magma might have occurred from the mid-crustal storage region at shallower depths producing important changes in pressure and temperature conditions, whereas a new injection of more degassed magma into the deepest zone of the hydrothermal system occurring in 2017-2018 might have favored the accumulation of gases in the subsurface, promoting conditions leading to a phreatic eruption. These geochemical observations are most simply explained by magma recharge to the system, and represent the earliest warning precursor signals to the January 2020 eruptive activity.</p><p>Arpa, M.C., et al., 2013. Bull. Volcanol. 75, 747. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-013-0747-9.</p><p>Hernández, P.A., et al.,  2017. Geol. Soc. Lond. Spec. Publ. 437:131–152. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP437.17.</p>

scholarly journals Inside the volcano: Three-dimensional magmatic architecture of a buried shield volcano

Geology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faye Walker ◽  
Nick Schofield ◽  
John Millett ◽  
Dave Jolley ◽  
Simon Holford ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gravity Data ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Shield Volcano ◽  
Plumbing System ◽  
Magma Chambers ◽  
Volcanic Plumbing System ◽  
Volcanic Conduit ◽  
Plumbing Systems ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
First Time

The nature and growth of magmatic plumbing systems are of fundamental importance to igneous geology. Traditionally, magma chambers have been viewed as rapidly emplaced bodies of molten rock or partially crystallized “magma mush” connected to the surface by a narrow cylindrical conduit (referred to as the “balloon-and-straw” model). Recent data suggest, however, that magma chambers beneath volcanoes are formed incrementally through amalgamation of smaller intrusions. Here we present the first high-resolution three-dimensional reconstruction of an ancient volcanic plumbing system as a large laccolithic complex. By integrating seismic reflection and gravity data, we show that the ~200 km3 laccolith appears to have formed through partial amalgamation of smaller intrusions. The complex appears to have fed both surface volcanism and an extensive sill network beneath the volcanic edifice. Numerous sills are imaged within the volcanic conduit, indicating that magma stalled at various levels during its ascent. Our results reveal for the first time the entire multicomponent plumbing system within a large ancient shield volcano.

scholarly journals Magma mobilization by downward-propagating decompression of the Eyjafjallajökull volcanic plumbing system

2012 ◽  
Vol 39 (19) ◽  
pp. n/a-n/a ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon Tarasewicz ◽  
Robert S. White ◽  
Andrew W. Woods ◽  
Bryndís Brandsdóttir ◽  
Magnús T. Gudmundsson
Keyword(s):  
Plumbing System ◽  
Volcanic Plumbing System

scholarly journals Seismically active column and volcanic plumbing system beneath the island arc of the Izu-Bonin subduction zone

2009 ◽  
Vol 179 (3) ◽  
pp. 1301-1312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ale�� ��pi����k ◽  
Ji���� Van��k ◽  
V��clav Hanu��
Keyword(s):  
Subduction Zone ◽  
Island Arc ◽  
Plumbing System ◽  
Volcanic Plumbing System

Petrology and geochemistry of igneous inclusions in recent Merapi deposits: a window into the sub-volcanic plumbing system

2012 ◽  
Vol 165 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Chadwick ◽  
V. R. Troll ◽  
T. E. Waight ◽  
F. M. van der Zwan ◽  
L. M. Schwarzkopf
Keyword(s):  
Plumbing System ◽  
Volcanic Plumbing System ◽  
Petrology And Geochemistry

scholarly journals Unveiling Tatun volcanic plumbing structure induced by post-collisional extension of Taiwan mountain belt

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hsin-Hua Huang ◽  
E.-S. Wu ◽  
C.-H. Lin ◽  
J. Y.-T. Ko ◽  
M.-H. Shih ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Critical Infrastructure ◽  
Joint Inversion ◽  
Magma Reservoir ◽  
P Wave ◽  
Plumbing System ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Waveform Data ◽  
Tomographic Images ◽  
Travel Time Data ◽  
Volcanic Plumbing System

AbstractThe Tatun Volcanic Group (TVG) is proximal to the metropolis of Taipei City (population of ca. 7 million) and has long been a major concern due to the potential risks from volcanic activity to the population and critical infrastructure. While the TVG has been previously considered a dormant or extinct volcano, recent evidence suggests a much younger age of the last eruption event (~ 6000 years) and possible existence of a magma reservoir beneath the TVG. However, the location, dimension, and detailed geometry of the magma reservoir and plumbing system remains largely unknown. To examine the TVG volcanic plumbing structure in detail, the local P-wave travel time data and the teleseismic waveform data from a new island-wide Formosa Array Project are combined for a 3D tomographic joint inversion. The new model reveals a magma reservoir with a notable P-wave velocity reduction of 19% (ca. ~ 19% melt fraction) at 8–20 km beneath eastern TVG and with possible northward extension to a shallower depth near where active submarine volcanoes that have been detected. Enhanced tomographic images also reveal sporadic magmatic intrusion/underplating in the lower crust of Husehshan Range and northern Taiwan. These findings suggest an active volcanic plumbing system induced by post-collisional extension associated with the collapse of the orogen.

scholarly journals Reconstructing the Anak Krakatau flank collapse that caused the December 2018 Indonesian tsunami

Geology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (10) ◽  
pp. 973-976 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Williams ◽  
Pete Rowley ◽  
Matthew C. Garthwaite
Keyword(s):  
Primary Control ◽  
Plumbing System ◽  
Medium Term ◽  
Eruption Style ◽  
Tsunami Waves ◽  
Volcanic Plumbing System ◽  
High Resolution Satellite Imagery ◽  
Krakatau Volcano ◽  
First Time ◽  
Internal Architecture

Abstract Volcanogenic tsunamis are one of the deadliest volcanic phenomena. Understanding their triggering processes, and mitigating their effect, remains a major challenge. On 22 December 2018, flank failure of the Anak Krakatau volcano in Indonesia generated a tsunami that killed more than 400 people. This event was captured in unprecedented detail by high-resolution satellite imagery and eyewitness accounts. Here we combine historic observations with these recent data to—for the first time—interpret the internal architecture of Anak Krakatau, and reconstruct the failure, tsunamigenesis, and regrowth processes observed. We calculate the volume of material initially lost from the volcano flank failure and find that it was relatively small (∼0.1 km3) compared to the overall changes observed during the entire eruption, but it was nonetheless able to generate rapid tsunami waves with devastating impacts. The flank failure also changed the eruption style and the upper volcanic plumbing system, with the subsequent explosive eruptions destroying the summit and then partially rebuilding the lost flank. The nature of the flank failure was controlled by the internal structure of the island, and—although regrowth rate will be a primary control on flank failure intervals— the reconfiguring of the volcano’s internal vent network is likely to have re-stabilized it in the medium term. The findings demonstrate that hazard assessments at ocean islands must consider that even small flank failures, during unexceptional eruptions, can have catastrophic consequences.

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