scholarly journals Inside the volcano: Three-dimensional magmatic architecture of a buried shield volcano

Geology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faye Walker ◽  
Nick Schofield ◽  
John Millett ◽  
Dave Jolley ◽  
Simon Holford ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gravity Data ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Shield Volcano ◽  
Plumbing System ◽  
Magma Chambers ◽  
Volcanic Plumbing System ◽  
Volcanic Conduit ◽  
Plumbing Systems ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
First Time

The nature and growth of magmatic plumbing systems are of fundamental importance to igneous geology. Traditionally, magma chambers have been viewed as rapidly emplaced bodies of molten rock or partially crystallized “magma mush” connected to the surface by a narrow cylindrical conduit (referred to as the “balloon-and-straw” model). Recent data suggest, however, that magma chambers beneath volcanoes are formed incrementally through amalgamation of smaller intrusions. Here we present the first high-resolution three-dimensional reconstruction of an ancient volcanic plumbing system as a large laccolithic complex. By integrating seismic reflection and gravity data, we show that the ~200 km3 laccolith appears to have formed through partial amalgamation of smaller intrusions. The complex appears to have fed both surface volcanism and an extensive sill network beneath the volcanic edifice. Numerous sills are imaged within the volcanic conduit, indicating that magma stalled at various levels during its ascent. Our results reveal for the first time the entire multicomponent plumbing system within a large ancient shield volcano.

Australian Triassic lungfish skulls

1994 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 647-654 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kemp
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Lower Triassic ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Tooth Plate ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
First Time ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Australian Lungfish

Skull bones of Gosfordia truncata Woodward, 1891, from the Lower Triassic Hawkesbury Sandstone of New South Wales, Australia, are described for the first time. The skull roofing pattern suggests possible affinities between G. truncata and Paraceratodus germaini (Triassic, southwest Madagascar). A three-dimensional reconstruction of the skull of Ceratodus formosus Wade, 1935, based on the holotype, found in a Lower Triassic deposit at Brookvale in New South Wales, is included. This reconstruction indicates that this species is not closely related either to the recent Australian lungfish, Neoceratodus forsteri, or to the Triassic Ceratodus (Tellerodus) sturii from Nord Alpen in Austria, and it has no close affinities with G. truncata. A new genus, Ariguna, is therefore proposed to receive Ceratodus formosus Wade, 1935. Without associated tooth plate material, G. truncata and A. formosa cannot be defined more precisely.

scholarly journals Three-dimensional reconstruction of a whole insect reveals its phloem sap-sucking mechanism at nano-resolution

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin-Qiu Wang ◽  
Jian-sheng Guo ◽  
Dan-Ting Li ◽  
Yang Yu ◽  
Jaco Hagoort ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brown Planthopper ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Nilaparvata Lugens ◽  
Phloem Sap ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Internal Structures ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
Block Face ◽  
First Time ◽  
Plant Sap

Using serial block-face scanning electron microscopy, we report on the internal 3D structures of the brown planthopper,Nilaparvata lugens(Hemiptera: Delphacidae) at nanometer resolution for the first time. Within the reconstructed organs and tissues, we found many novel and fascinating internal structures in the planthopper such as naturally occurring three four-way rings connecting adjacent spiracles to facilitate efficient gas exchange, and fungal endosymbionts in a single huge insect cell occupying 22% of the abdomen volume to enable the insect to live on plant sap. To understand the muscle and stylet movement during phloem sap-sucking, the cephalic skeleton and muscles were reconstructed in feeding nymphs. The results revealed an unexpected contraction of the protractors of the stylets and suggested a novel feeding model for the phloem sap-sucking.

scholarly journals Three-Dimensional Structures of the A, B, and CCapsids of Rhesus Monkey Rhadinovirus: Insights into GammaherpesvirusCapsid Assembly, Maturation, and DNAPackaging

2003 ◽  
Vol 77 (24) ◽  
pp. 13182-13193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xue-Kui Yu ◽  
Christine M. O'Connor ◽  
Ivo Atanasov ◽  
Blossom Damania ◽  
Dean H. Kedes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rhesus Monkey ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Model System ◽  
Electron Cryomicroscopy ◽  
Interacting Protein ◽  
Structural Differences ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
Capsid Maturation ◽  
First Time

ABSTRACT Rhesus monkey rhadinovirus (RRV) exhibits high levels of sequence homology to human gammaherpesviruses, such as Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, and grows to high titers in cell cultures, making it a good model system for studying gammaherpesvirus capsid structure and assembly. We have purified RRV A, B, and C capsids, thus for the first time allowing direct structure comparisons by electron cryomicroscopy and three-dimensional reconstruction. The results show that the shells of these capsids are identical and are each composed of 12 pentons, 150 hexons, and 320 triplexes. Structural differences were apparent inside the shells and through the penton channels. The A capsid is empty, and its penton channels are open. The B capsid contains a scaffolding core, and its penton channels are closed. The C capsid contains a DNA genome, which is closely packaged into regularly spaced density shells (25Å apart), and its penton channels are open. The different statuses of the penton channels suggest a functional role of the channels during capsid maturation, and the overall structural similarities of RRV capsids to alphaherpesvirus capsids suggest a common assembly and maturation pathway. The RRV A capsid reconstruction at a 15-Å resolution, the best achieved for gammaherpesvirus particles, reveals overall structural similarities to alpha- and betaherpesvirus capsids. However, the outer regions of the capsid, including densities attributed to the Ta triplex and the small capsomer-interacting protein (SCIP or ORF65), exhibit prominent differences from their structural counterparts in alphaherpesviruses. This structural disparity suggests that SCIP and the triplex, together with tegument and envelope proteins, confer structural and potentially functional specificities to alpha-, beta-, and gammaherpesviruses.

scholarly journals Supplemental Material: Inside the volcano: Three-dimensional magmatic architecture of a buried shield volcano

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faye Walker ◽  
et al.
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Volcanic Edifice ◽  
Shield Volcano ◽  
Plumbing System

Detailed methodology, Video S1 (volcanic edifice and plumbing system in 3-D), and Figures S2–S6.<br>

scholarly journals Supplemental Material: Inside the volcano: Three-dimensional magmatic architecture of a buried shield volcano

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faye Walker ◽  
et al.
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Volcanic Edifice ◽  
Shield Volcano ◽  
Plumbing System

Detailed methodology, Video S1 (volcanic edifice and plumbing system in 3-D), and Figures S2–S6.<br>

Etude tridimensionnelle du complexe sécréteur plastes–réticulum endoplasmique dans les poils glandulaires d'Hygrophila difformis (Acanthacées)

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (17) ◽  
pp. 1859-1871 ◽  
Author(s):  
René Rohr ◽  
Jean Dexheimer ◽  
Mariette Kieffer
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Special Relationship ◽  
Secretory Phase ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
Dense Substance ◽  
First Time

The general organisation and functioning of the secretory cells of the glandular hairs of Hygrophila difformis show some analogies with previously studied glandular systems of the same type; they differ from the latter, however, in the complexity of organisation of the reticulum – plastid complex.In the undifferentiated cell the plastids have a simple rounded, slightly elongated form; they display no special relationship with the endoplasmic reticulum which, at this stage, is represented by irregularly enlarged cisternae containing a dense substance of fibrous appearance.During the secretory phase, on the contrary, the ultrastructures of the plastids and of the endoplasmic reticulum undergo considerable changes; the latter appears in the form of small tubes arranged parallel to each other and in close contact with the plastids. The plastids themselves take on shapes which, until now, have never been observed in this type of cell and which can only be shown clearly by a three-dimensional reconstruction. This technique, which involves making a series of thin sections, has been applied to secretory plastids for the first time. It gives a faithful picture of their original morphology and the various modes of association possible between the plastids of a given reticulum – plastid complex.

The Zona Pellucida Porosity: Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Four Types of Mouse Oocyte Zona Pellucida Using a Dual Beam Microscope

2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 1442-1449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergi Novo ◽  
Leonardo Barrios ◽  
Elena Ibáñez ◽  
Carme Nogués
Keyword(s):  
3D Reconstruction ◽  
Zona Pellucida ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Mouse Oocyte ◽  
Dual Beam ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
Focus Ion Beam ◽  
First Time

AbstractIn the last decade, the applicability of focus ion beam–field emission scanning electron microscopy (FIB-FESEM) in the biological field has begun to get relevance. Among the possibilities offered by FIB-FESEM, high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of biological structures is one of the most interesting. Using this tool, the 3D porosity of four different types of mouse oocyte zona pellucida (ZP) was analyzed. A surface analysis of the mouse oocyte ZP was first performed by SEM. Next, one oocyte per ZP type was selected, and an area of its ZP was completely milled, using the cut and view mode, in the FIB-FESEM. Through a 3D reconstruction of the milled area, a map of the distribution of the pores across the ZP was established and the number and volume of pores were quantified, thus enabling for the first time the study of the inner porosity of the mouse ZP. Differences in ZP porosity observed among the four types analyzed allowed us to outline a model to explain the changes that the ZP undergoes through immature, mature, predegenerative, and degenerative stages.

scholarly journals Reconstructing the Anak Krakatau flank collapse that caused the December 2018 Indonesian tsunami

Geology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (10) ◽  
pp. 973-976 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Williams ◽  
Pete Rowley ◽  
Matthew C. Garthwaite
Keyword(s):  
Primary Control ◽  
Plumbing System ◽  
Medium Term ◽  
Eruption Style ◽  
Tsunami Waves ◽  
Volcanic Plumbing System ◽  
High Resolution Satellite Imagery ◽  
Krakatau Volcano ◽  
First Time ◽  
Internal Architecture

Abstract Volcanogenic tsunamis are one of the deadliest volcanic phenomena. Understanding their triggering processes, and mitigating their effect, remains a major challenge. On 22 December 2018, flank failure of the Anak Krakatau volcano in Indonesia generated a tsunami that killed more than 400 people. This event was captured in unprecedented detail by high-resolution satellite imagery and eyewitness accounts. Here we combine historic observations with these recent data to—for the first time—interpret the internal architecture of Anak Krakatau, and reconstruct the failure, tsunamigenesis, and regrowth processes observed. We calculate the volume of material initially lost from the volcano flank failure and find that it was relatively small (∼0.1 km3) compared to the overall changes observed during the entire eruption, but it was nonetheless able to generate rapid tsunami waves with devastating impacts. The flank failure also changed the eruption style and the upper volcanic plumbing system, with the subsequent explosive eruptions destroying the summit and then partially rebuilding the lost flank. The nature of the flank failure was controlled by the internal structure of the island, and—although regrowth rate will be a primary control on flank failure intervals— the reconfiguring of the volcano’s internal vent network is likely to have re-stabilized it in the medium term. The findings demonstrate that hazard assessments at ocean islands must consider that even small flank failures, during unexceptional eruptions, can have catastrophic consequences.

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction Using Stereo Pairs from Serial Thick Sections

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 562-563
Author(s):  
Robert Glaeser ◽  
Thomas Bauer ◽  
David Grano
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Serial Sections ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
Stereo Imagery ◽  
Whole Mounts

In transmission electron microscopy, the 3-dimensional structure of an object is usually obtained in one of two ways. For objects which can be included in one specimen, as for example with elements included in freeze- dried whole mounts and examined with a high voltage microscope, stereo pairs can be obtained which exhibit the 3-D structure of the element. For objects which can not be included in one specimen, the 3-D shape is obtained by reconstruction from serial sections. However, without stereo imagery, only detail which remains constant within the thickness of the section can be used in the reconstruction; consequently, the choice is between a low resolution reconstruction using a few thick sections and a better resolution reconstruction using many thin sections, generally a tedious chore. This paper describes an approach to 3-D reconstruction which uses stereo images of serial thick sections to reconstruct an object including detail which changes within the depth of an individual thick section.

3-D reconstruction of molecular shape from microcrystal thin sections

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 748-749
Author(s):  
S. Cusack ◽  
J.-C. Jésior
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Molecular Shape ◽  
Biological Molecules ◽  
Fourier Space ◽  
Single Particles ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Standard Methods ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Crystallography ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction

Three-dimensional reconstruction techniques using electron microscopy have been principally developed for application to 2-D arrays (i.e. monolayers) of biological molecules and symmetrical single particles (e.g. helical viruses). However many biological molecules that crystallise form multilayered microcrystals which are unsuitable for study by either the standard methods of 3-D reconstruction or, because of their size, by X-ray crystallography. The grid sectioning technique enables a number of different projections of such microcrystals to be obtained in well defined directions (e.g. parallel to crystal axes) and poses the problem of how best these projections can be used to reconstruct the packing and shape of the molecules forming the microcrystal.Given sufficient projections there may be enough information to do a crystallographic reconstruction in Fourier space. We however have considered the situation where only a limited number of projections are available, as for example in the case of catalase platelets where three orthogonal and two diagonal projections have been obtained (Fig. 1).

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