Mobility of elements in interaction between artificial sweat and peloids used in Spanish spas

2010 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 506-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Isabel Carretero ◽  
Manuel Pozo ◽  
Juan Antonio Martín-Rubí ◽  
Eduardo Pozo ◽  
Francisco Maraver
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Sweat ◽  
Mobility Of Elements

scholarly journals Safety Assessment of Polypyrrole Nanoparticles and Spray-Coated Textiles

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1991
Author(s):  
Rossella Bengalli ◽  
Luisa Fiandra ◽  
Claudia Vineis ◽  
Diego Omar Sanchez-Ramirez ◽  
Nuno G. Azoia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wound Care ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Spray Coating ◽  
Skin Toxicity ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
Skin Contact ◽  
Artificial Sweat ◽  
Coated Fabrics ◽  
Textile Coating

Polypyrrole (PPy) nanoparticles (NPs) are used for the coating of materials, such as textiles, with biomedical applications, including wound care and tissue engineering, but they are also promising antibacterial agents. In this work, PPy NPs were used for the spray-coating of textiles with antimicrobial properties. The functional properties of the materials were verified, and their safety was evaluated. Two main exposure scenarios for humans were identified: inhalation of PPy NPs during spray (manufacturing) and direct skin contact with NPs-coated fabrics (use). Thus, the toxicity properties of PPy NPs and PPy-coated textiles were assessed by using in vitro models representative of the lung and the skin. The results from the materials’ characterization showed the stability of both the PPy NP suspension and the textile coating, even after washing cycles and extraction in artificial sweat. Data from an in vitro model of the air–blood barrier showed the low toxicity of these NPs, with no alteration of cell viability and functionality observed. The skin toxicity of PPy NPs and the coated textiles was assessed on a reconstructed human epidermis model following OECD 431 and 439 guidelines. PPy NPs proved to be non-corrosive at the tested conditions, as well as non-irritant after extraction in artificial sweat at two different pH conditions. The obtained data suggest that PPy NPs are safe NMs in applications for textile coating.

Textile Functionalization and Its Effects on the Release of Silver Nanoparticles into Artificial Sweat

2016 ◽  
Vol 50 (11) ◽  
pp. 5927-5934 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Wagener ◽  
Nils Dommershausen ◽  
Harald Jungnickel ◽  
Peter Laux ◽  
Denise Mitrano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Textile Functionalization ◽  
Artificial Sweat

scholarly journals Dissolution of the metal sensitizers Ni, Be, Cr in artificial sweat to improve estimates of dermal bioaccessibility

2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandr B. Stefaniak ◽  
Mathew G. Duling ◽  
Laura Geer ◽  
M. Abbas Virji
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Sweat

Trace elements in skin-contact clothes and migration to artificial sweat: Risk assessment of human dermal exposure

2016 ◽  
Vol 87 (6) ◽  
pp. 726-738 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joaquim Rovira ◽  
Martí Nadal ◽  
Marta Schuhmacher ◽  
José L Domingo
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Dermal Exposure ◽  
Environmental Scanning ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Skin Contact ◽  
Artificial Sweat ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
And Migration

The concentrations of a considerable number of trace elements (Ag, Al, As, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sc, Se, Sm, Sn, Sr, Ti, Tl, V and Zn) were determined in various skin-contact clothes (T-shirts, blouses, socks, baby pajamas and bodies) from the Catalan (Spain) market. In addition, migration experiments with artificial acidic sweat were conducted in order to establish the migration rates of these elements. High levels of Zn (186–5749 mg/kg) were found in zinc pyrithione labeled T-shirts, while high concentrations of Sb and Cr were found in polyester and black polyamide fabrics, respectively. An environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) confirmed the presence of Ag and Ti particles and aggregates in several clothing items. The use of the ESEM complemented the results of the elemental analysis and migration experiments. Dermal exposure to trace elements was subsequently calculated, and the human health risks were assessed. Antimony showed the highest mean hazard quotient (HQ = 0.4) for male and female adults wearing polyester clothes; for one of the examined items (polyester T-shirt) the HQ was even above the safety limit (HQ > 1). Exposure to Sb from polyester textile could mean potential health risks in subpopulation groups who frequently wear these clothes, and for long time periods. The migration experiments with artificial sweat showed to be essential for establishing the exposure to trace elements through cloth with direct contact with skin.

Hand-drawn electrode based disposable paper chip for artificial sweat analysis using impedance spectroscopy

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Siva Prakasam O Kare ◽  
Debanjan Das ◽  
Koel Chaudhury ◽  
Soumen Das
Keyword(s):  
Impedance Spectroscopy ◽  
Artificial Sweat ◽  
Paper Chip

scholarly journals Determination of the Levels of Heavy Metals and Formaldehyde in Baby Clothes in South Africa: A Case Study of Stores in the Greater Cape Town Region

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
P. Nyamukamba ◽  
C. Bantom ◽  
Z. Mququ ◽  
T. Ngcobo ◽  
S. Isaacs
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Formaldehyde Concentration ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Wet Digestion ◽  
Skin Contact ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Artificial Sweat

Herein, we report on the determination of formaldehyde, pH, and heavy metals (Pb, As, Co, Cr, Ni, and Cd) in various baby apparel (cotton, polyester, nylon, elastane, and polyethylene) of different colours (light, medium, and dark) purchased from both high-end and low-end market stores. The concentrations of the heavy metals were determined by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) after wet digestion and also after extraction using artificial sweat for a selected range of skin-contact baby apparel. The relative standard deviation for the determination of all heavy metals was less than 5% except for nickel which was 10.49%. The concentrations of the heavy metals in wet digested samples were found to be in the following range: Pb (0.02–23.662 mg/kg), As (0.009–0.033 mg/kg), Co (0.001–1.053 mg/kg), Cr (0.053–6.373 mg/kg), Ni (0.039–36.715 mg/kg), and Cd (0.001–0.914 mg/kg), whereas the concentrations in artificial sweat extracted samples were in the following range: Pb (0.006–1.658 mg/kg), As (not detected), Co (0.001–1.05 mg/kg), Cr (0.112–0.371 mg/kg), Ni (0.062–0.121 mg/kg), and Cd (0.001–0.018 mg/kg). The highest concentrations of Pb, Cr, and Co after wet digestion were found in baby apparel purchased from low-end market stores, whereas for As, Ni, and Cd were from high-end market stores. All the samples had a formaldehyde concentration within the acceptable limits recommended by Oeko-Tex. Out of the thirty-four samples analysed, fifteen samples were found to have a pH higher than Oeko-Tex limits. The pH values for the samples that exceeded the Oeko-Tex limits were in the alkali region, and the highest was 11.31 which exceeded by 3.81.

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