Anticipated, experienced, and remembered subjective effort and discomfort on sustained attention versus working memory tasks

2019 ◽  
Vol 75 ◽  
pp. 102812
Author(s):  
Veerpal Bambrah ◽  
Chia-Fen Hsu ◽  
Maggie E. Toplak ◽  
John D. Eastwood
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Sustained Attention

Does the d2 Test of Attention only assess sustained attention? Evidence of working memory processes involved

2022 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Leandro da Silva-Sauer ◽  
Ricardo Basso Garcia ◽  
Alan Ehrich de Moura ◽  
Bernardino Fernández-Calvo
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Sustained Attention ◽  
Memory Processes

In search of lost time: cognitive and arginine metabolic correlates of temporal dysfunction in the MIA rat model of schizophrenia risk

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley Deane ◽  
Ping Liu ◽  
Reza Shoorangiz ◽  
Yu Jing ◽  
Ryan Ward
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Sustained Attention ◽  
Rat Model ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Working Memory Capacity ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Temporal Perception ◽  
Functional Consequences

Abnormal temporal perception is a hallmark characteristic of schizophrenia associated with cognitive impairment, however the relationship between these functions is yet to be characterised within translational models. Using the maternal immune activation (MIA) rat model, this study investigated the contribution of sustained attention and working memory capacity to temporal perception impairments via operant paradigms. In addition, we also investigated the involvement of L-arginine metabolites in timing and cognition via high performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Principally, we identified that underestimation of interval durations (2-8 s) in MIA rats was related to attentional capacity. MIA rats were found to exhibit impaired working memory maintenance, however this was not related to temporal perception. In addition, we identified evidence of MIA impacting PFC L-arginine metabolites, L-citrulline and putrescine, which both correlated with working memory maintenance impairments. MIA also appeared to produce discrete differences in glutamate levels depending on whether inflammation was incited early or late in gestation (gestation day 10/18). Following late gestation MIA exposure, higher glutamate levels in PFC corresponded with poorer sustained attention capacity. These findings represent the first direct identification of a timing-attention relationship within rodents, and provide clues regarding the potential involvement of elevated dopamine in timing-cognition pathology in schizophrenia. Moreover, we present preliminary evidence that changes in L-arginine metabolism have functional consequences for cognition. These outcomes commend the MIA rat model as a tool for potential future investigations exploring the biological instantiation of timing deficits.

scholarly journals Education did not interact with major depression on performance of memory tests in acute southern Brazilian in patients

2007 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Analuiza Camozzato ◽  
Marcelo Pio de Almeida Fleck ◽  
Vera Delgado ◽  
Marcia Lorena Fagundes Chaves
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Sustained Attention ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Remote Memory ◽  
Independent Effect ◽  
Psychoactive Drugs ◽  
Memory Tests ◽  
Cognitive Memory

Abstract The relationship of cognitive function to depression in older adults has become a topic of extensive clinical interest and research. Objective: To analyze association between cognitive/memory performance, Major Depression, and education in 206 inpatients from the Psychiatry and Internal Medicine Departments. Methods: Patients were evaluated by the Mini Mental State Examination, a battery of memory tests, and the MontgomeryÅsberg Depression Rating Scale. Depression patients comprised 45 severe and 42 mild/moderate, according to the Montgomery-Asberg scale. The effect of psychoactive drugs was recorded (30% drug-free). Education was measured in years. Cognitive/memory tests assessed five domains: general mental functioning, attention, sustained attention/working memory, learning memory (verbal), and remote memory. An index for memory impairment was created (positivity: 50% of tests below cutoff). Results: The chief effect on worse performance was Major Depression for the domains (age and education adjusted) of attention, learning, remote memory, and general functioning. For the domain "sustained attention and working memory", only severely depressed patients differed from the medical controls (p=.008). Education showed an independent effect on test performances. No interaction between depression and educational status was observed. We also observed an independent effect of psychoactive drugs on some cognitive/ memory domains. Logistic Regression showed Major Depression as the main risk for cognitive impairment. Conclusions: These data demonstrated association of Major Depression with impaired cognitive performance independent of educational attainment or psychiatric medications.

scholarly journals Sustained Attention and Working Memory Deficits Follow a Familial Pattern in Schizophrenia

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (7) ◽  
pp. 687-695 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. G. Giakoumaki ◽  
P. Roussos ◽  
E. G. Pallis ◽  
P. Bitsios
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Sustained Attention ◽  
Memory Deficits ◽  
Familial Pattern

scholarly journals Nicotine Effects on White Matter Microstructure in Young Adults

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan M Kangiser ◽  
Alicia M Thomas ◽  
Christine M Kaiver ◽  
Krista M Lisdahl
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Fractional Anisotropy ◽  
Sustained Attention ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Mean Diffusivity ◽  
White Matter Microstructure

Abstract Objective Nicotine use is widely prevalent among youth, and is associated with white matter microstructural changes as measured by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). In adults, nicotine use is generally associated with lower fractional anisotropy (FA), but in adolescents/young adults (≤30 years), microstructure appears healthier, indicated by higher FA. This cross-sectional study examined associations between nicotine use and white matter microstructure using fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), axial diffusivity (AD), and radial diffusivity (RD) in young adults. Methods Fifty-three participants (18 nicotine users [10 female]/35 controls [17 female]) ages 18–25 underwent MRI scan, neuropsychological battery, toxicology screening, and drug use interview. Nicotine group associations with FA and MD were examined in various white matter tracts. In significant tracts, AD and RD were measured. Exploratory correlations were conducted between significant tracts and verbal memory and sustained attention/working memory performance. Results Nicotine users exhibited significantly lower FA than controls in the left anterior thalamic radiation, left inferior longitudinal fasciculus, left superior longitudinal fasciculus—temporal, and left uncinate fasciculus. In these tracts, AD and RD did not differ, nor did MD differ in any tract. White matter quality was positively correlated with sustained attention/working memory performance. Conclusions Cigarette smoking may disrupt white matter microstructure. These results are consistent with adult studies, but inconsistent with adolescent/young adult studies, likely due to methodological and sample age differences. Further studies should examine longitudinal effects of nicotine use on white matter microstructure in a larger sample.

scholarly journals Cognitive impairment as a function of sleep quality and gender

2019 ◽  
pp. 4
Author(s):  
R. Akhil ◽  
B.P. Nair
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Sustained Attention ◽  
Divided Attention ◽  
Poor Sleep ◽  
Poor Sleep Quality ◽  
Vigilance Test ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Good Sleep

Background: The study aims at finding whether there is any significant difference between sub-groups classified on the basis of sleep quality (good sleep quality and poor sleep quality) and gender in the performance of various cognitive functioning tests like Visual N Back Test (N Back 1and N Back 2 test) for working memory, Triad test for divided attention, Digit Vigilance Test for sustained attention and Reaction time test (simple reaction time and choice reaction time). Materials and methods: The sample consisted of 30 participants, both males (N=13) and females (N=17) in the age range between 18 to 30 years, randomly drawn from Thiruvananthapuram and Kollam districts of Kerala. The participants of the study are screened and categorized into two groups of 15 members each on the basis of the scores obtained in the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). t-test and two-way ANOVA were performed to test the significance of the hypotheses. Results: The results showed that the participants with poor sleep quality significantly differed from those with good sleep quality and committed more number of errors in the triad test of divided attention and took more time and committed more errors in the completion of the digit vigilance test of sustained attention. Conclusion: A gender advantage favoring females was seen on the test of working memory, test for sustained attention and the test for choice reaction time. An interaction between sleep quality and gender was noticed only on the test of divided attention. It was seen that males with poor sleep quality are more impaired in divided attention tasks than females with poor sleep quality.

scholarly journals Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study of single-dose guanfacine in unilateral neglect following stroke

2018 ◽  
Vol 89 (6) ◽  
pp. 593-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwin S Dalmaijer ◽  
Korina M S Li ◽  
Nikos Gorgoraptis ◽  
Alexander P Leff ◽  
David L Cohen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Single Dose ◽  
Crossover Study ◽  
Functional Outcome ◽  
Sustained Attention ◽  
Spatial Working Memory ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Unilateral Neglect ◽  
Directional Bias ◽  
Double Blind Placebo

ObjectiveUnilateral neglect is a poststroke disorder that impacts negatively on functional outcome and lacks established, effective treatment. This multicomponent syndrome is characterised by a directional bias of attention away from contralesional space, together with impairments in several cognitive domains, including sustained attention and spatial working memory. This study aimed to test the effects of guanfacine, a noradrenergic alpha-2A agonist, on ameliorating aspects of neglect.MethodsThirteen right hemisphere stroke patients with leftward neglect were included in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled proof-of-concept crossover study that examined the effects of a single dose of guanfacine. Patients were tested on a computerised, time-limited cancellation paradigm, as well as tasks that independently assessed sustained attention and spatial working memory.ResultsOn guanfacine, there was a statistically significant improvement in the total number of targets found on the cancellation task when compared with placebo (mean improvement of 5, out of a possible 64). However, there was no evidence of a change in neglect patients’ directional attention bias. Furthermore, Bayesian statistical analysis revealed reliable evidence against any effects of guanfacine on search organisation and performance on our sustained attention and spatial working memory tasks.ConclusionsGuanfacine improves search in neglect by boosting the number of targets found but had no effects on directional bias or search organisation, nor did it improve sustained attention or working memory on independent tasks. Further work is necessary to determine whether longer term treatment with guanfacine may be effective for some neglect patients and whether it affects functional outcome measures.Trial registration numberNCT00955253.

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