Skeletal Cartilage and Bone Formation, Composition, and Function in Small Mammals, Birds, and Reptiles

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-134
Author(s):  
Mikel Sabater González
Keyword(s):  
Bone Formation ◽  
Small Mammals ◽  
And Function

The short-term responses of small mammals to wildfire in semiarid mallee shrubland, Australia

2010 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luke T. Kelly ◽  
Dale G. Nimmo ◽  
Lisa M. Spence-Bailey ◽  
Michael F. Clarke ◽  
Andrew F. Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Small Mammals ◽  
Small Mammal ◽  
Vegetation Structure ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Resource Requirements ◽  
Small Mammal Community ◽  
And Function

Context. Wildfire is a major driver of the structure and function of mallee eucalypt- and spinifex-dominated landscapes. Understanding how fire influences the distribution of biota in these fire-prone environments is essential for effective ecological and conservation-based management. Aims. We aimed to (1) determine the effects of an extensive wildfire (118 000 ha) on a small mammal community in the mallee shrublands of semiarid Australia and (2) assess the hypothesis that the fire-response patterns of small mammals can be predicted by their life-history characteristics. Methods. Small-mammal surveys were undertaken concurrently at 26 sites: once before the fire and on four occasions following the fire (including 14 sites that remained unburnt). We documented changes in small-mammal occurrence before and after the fire, and compared burnt and unburnt sites. In addition, key components of vegetation structure were assessed at each site. Key results. Wildfire had a strong influence on vegetation structure and on the occurrence of small mammals. The mallee ningaui, Ningaui yvonneae, a dasyurid marsupial, showed a marked decline in the immediate post-fire environment, corresponding with a reduction in hummock-grass cover in recently burnt vegetation. Species richness of native small mammals was positively associated with unburnt vegetation, although some species showed no clear response to wildfire. Conclusions. Our results are consistent with the contention that mammal responses to fire are associated with their known life-history traits. The species most strongly affected by wildfire, N. yvonneae, has the most specific habitat requirements and restricted life history of the small mammals in the study area. The only species positively associated with recently burnt vegetation, the introduced house mouse, Mus domesticus, has a flexible life history and non-specialised resource requirements. Implications. Maintaining sources for recolonisation after large-scale wildfires will be vital to the conservation of native small mammals in mallee ecosystems.

scholarly journals Reversed sexual dimorphism and altered prey base: the effect on sooty owl (Tyto tenebricosa tenebricosa) diet

2011 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rohan J. Bilney ◽  
John G. White ◽  
Raylene Cooke
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Small Mammals ◽  
Prey Availability ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
European Settlement ◽  
Mammal Conservation ◽  
Reversed Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Conservation Concern ◽  
And Function

The ecology and function of many Australian predators has likely been disrupted following major changes in prey base due to declines in distribution and abundance of small mammals following European settlement. This study investigated various aspects of the dietary ecology of sooty owls (Tyto tenebricosa tenebricosa), including sexual variation as they potentially exhibit the greatest degree of reversed sexual dimorphism of any owl species worldwide. Sooty owls are highly opportunistic predators of non-volant small mammals, consuming most species known to exist in the region, so their diet fluctuates seasonally and spatially due to varying prey availability, and is particularly influenced by the breeding cycles of prey. Significant intersexual dietary differences existed with female sooty owls predominantly consuming much larger prey items than males, with dietary overlap at 0.62. The current reliance on relatively few native mammalian species is of conservation concern, especially when mammal declines are unlikely to have ceased as many threatening processes still persist in the landscape. Sooty owl conservation appears inextricably linked with small mammal conservation. Conservation efforts should be focussed towards improving prey densities and prey habitat, primarily by implementing control programs for feral predators and preventing the loss of hollow-bearing trees throughout the landscape.

scholarly journals MANAGEMENT OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: Novel anabolic treatments for osteoporosis

2018 ◽  
Vol 178 (2) ◽  
pp. R33-R44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernesto Canalis
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Bone Formation ◽  
Vertebral Fractures ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Anabolic Agents ◽  
Amino Terminal ◽  
Terminal Fragment ◽  
Igf I ◽  
And Function ◽  
Amino Terminal Fragment

Skeletal anabolic agents enhance bone formation, which is determined by the number and function of osteoblasts. Signals that influence the differentiation and function of cells of the osteoblast lineage play a role in the mechanism of action of anabolic agents in the skeleton. Wnts induce the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells toward osteoblasts, and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) enhances the function of mature osteoblasts. The activity of Wnt and IGF-I is controlled by proteins that bind to the growth factor or to its receptors. Sclerostin is a Wnt antagonist that binds to Wnt co-receptors and prevents Wnt signal activation. Teriparatide, a 1–34 amino terminal fragment of parathyroid hormone (PTH), and abaloparatide, a modified 1–34 amino terminal fragment of PTH-related peptide (PTHrp), induce IGF-I, increase bone mineral density (BMD), reduce the incidence of vertebral and non-vertebral fractures and are approved for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Romosozumab, a humanized anti-sclerostin antibody, increases bone formation, decreases bone resorption, increases BMD and reduces the incidence of vertebral fractures. An increased incidence of cardiovascular events has been associated with romosozumab, which is yet to be approved for the treatment of osteoporosis. In conclusion, cell and molecular studies have formed the foundation for the development of new anabolic therapies for osteoporosis with proven efficacy on the incidence of new fractures.

The musculoskeletal system: structure and function

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parminder J. Singh ◽  
Rohit Kotnis
Keyword(s):  
Composite Material ◽  
Bone Formation ◽  
Blood Supply ◽  
Musculoskeletal System ◽  
Endochondral Ossification ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
System Structure ◽  
Inorganic Component ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
And Function

♦ Structure of bone is comprised of cells, matrix, and water♦ Bone consists broadly of three surfaces (periosteal, endosteal, and Haversian) and two membranes (periosteum and endosteum)♦ The blood supply of bone is derived from four main routes (nutrient, metaphyseal, epiphyseal, and periosteal arteries)♦ There are three main types of cells in bone (osteoblast, osteocyte, and osteoclast)♦ The matrix is a composite material consisting of an organic and an inorganic component♦ Two types of bone formation are intramembranous and endochondral ossification♦ The skeleton is also involved in the vital homeostasis of calcium and phosphate.

scholarly journals α2-antiplasmin modulates bone formation by negatively regulating osteoblast differentiation and function

2017 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 854-858 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yosuke Kanno ◽  
Akira Ishisaki ◽  
Hiromi Kuretake ◽  
Chihiro Maruyama ◽  
Ayaka Matsuda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Formation ◽  
Osteoblast Differentiation ◽  
And Function

scholarly journals Cherubism gene Sh3bp2 is important for optimal bone formation, osteoblast differentiation, and function

2010 ◽  
Vol 138 (2) ◽  
pp. 140.e1-140.e11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Padma M. Mukherjee ◽  
Chiachien J. Wang ◽  
I.-Ping Chen ◽  
Toghrul Jafarov ◽  
Bjorn R. Olsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Formation ◽  
Osteoblast Differentiation ◽  
And Function

scholarly journals E3 Ubiquitin Ligase-Mediated Regulation of Osteoblast Differentiation and Bone Formation

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianlin Shen ◽  
Bowen Fu ◽  
Yanfang Li ◽  
Yanjiao Wu ◽  
Hongxun Sang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Bone Formation ◽  
Osteoblast Differentiation ◽  
Deep Understanding ◽  
Ubiquitin Proteasome System ◽  
E3 Ligases ◽  
Ubiquitin Proteasome ◽  
Ubiquitin Moiety ◽  
Regulatory Effects ◽  
And Function

The ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) is an essential pathway that regulates the homeostasis and function of intracellular proteins and is a crucial protein-degradation system in osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. Abnormal regulation of ubiquitination leads to osteoblast differentiation disorders, interfering with bone formation and ultimately leading to osteoporosis. E3 ubiquitin ligases (E3) promote addition of a ubiquitin moiety to substrate proteins, specifically recognizing the substrate and modulating tyrosine kinase receptors, signaling proteins, and transcription factors involved in the regulation of osteoblast proliferation, differentiation, survival, and bone formation. In this review, we summarize current progress in the understanding of the function and regulatory effects of E3 ligases on the transcription factors and signaling pathways that regulate osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. A deep understanding of E3 ligase-mediated regulation of osteoblast differentiation provides a scientific rationale for the discovery and development of novel E3-targeting therapeutic strategies for osteoporosis.

scholarly journals Maternal vitamin B12 in mice positively regulates bone, but not muscle mass and strength in post-weaning and mature offspring

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parminder Singh ◽  
Svetalana Telnova ◽  
Bin Zhou ◽  
Abdalla D Mohamed ◽  
Vanessa De Mello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Formation ◽  
Bone Mass ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Genetic Model ◽  
Single Injection ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
And Function ◽  
Mouse Genetic Model ◽  
Mouse Genetic

Vitamin B12 deficiency has been shown to affect bone mass in rodents and negatively impact bone formation in humans. In this study using mouse models we define the effect of B12 supplementation in the wild-type mother and B12 deficiency in a mouse genetic model (Gif-/- mice) during gestation on the bone and muscle architecture, and mechanical properties in the offspring. Analysis of bones from 4 weeks-old offspring of the wild-type mother following vehicle or B12 supplementation during gestation (From embryonic day 0.5-20.5) showed an increase in bone mass caused by an isolated increase in bone formation in the B12 supplemented group compared to vehicle controls. Analysis of effect of B12 deficiency in the mother in a mouse genetic model (Gif-/- mice) on long bone architecture of the offspring showed a compromised cortical and trabecular bone mass, which was completely prevented by a single injection of B12 in the B12-deficient Gif-/- mothers.Biomechanical analysis of long bones of the offspring born from B12 supplemented wild-type mothers showed an increase in bone strength, and conversely offspring born from B12-deficient Gif-/- mothers revealed a compromised bone strength, which could be rescued by a single injection of B12 in the B12-deficient Gif-/- mother. Muscle structure and function analysis however revealed no significant effect on muscle mass, structure and grip strength of B12 deficiency or supplementation in Gif-/- mice compared to littermate controls. Together, these results demonstrate the beneficial effect of maternally-derived B12 in the regulation of bone structure and function in the offspring.

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