The Emotional Word-Emotional Face Stroop task in the ABCD study: Psychometric validation and associations with measures of cognition and psychopathology

Background Major power theories assume that social power can play an important role in an individual’s goal-related behaviors. However, the specific psychological mechanisms through which this occurs remain unclear. Some studies suggested that having power enhanced individuals’ goal-related behaviors, by contrast, other studies suggested that low-power individuals were associated with a greater performance in goal-directed tasks. We were particularly interested in how social power changes individuals’ goal-related behaviors during an emotional face-word Stroop task. Method Social power was primed by asking participants to recall a past situation in which they were in a position of power (high-power individuals), or a situation in which they were lacking power (low-power individuals). Afterward, participants were asked to complete an emotional face-word Stroop task. In the task, words representing specific emotions were written in a prominent red color across a face, and these words and facial expressions were either congruent or incongruent. The participant’s task was to judge the emotion of the face while ignoring the red emotional words. Results Our behavioral data showed that these individuals displayed faster reaction time and better accuracy in congruent conditions, slower reaction time for fearful faces and worse accuracy for happy faces in both incongruent and congruent conditions. The event-related potential analyses showed that, compared with low-power individuals, high-power individuals showed greater P1 amplitudes when faced with emotional stimuli (both incongruent and congruent conditions), indicating that power affects individuals’ attention in the early sensory processing of emotional stimuli. For the N170 component, low-power individuals showed more negative amplitudes when facing emotional stimuli, indicated that low-power individuals paid more attention to the construct information of emotional stimuli. For the N450 component, compared with congruent conditions, incongruent conditions elicited more negative amplitudes for both high- and low-power individuals. More importantly, fearful faces provoked enhanced P1 amplitudes in incongruent conditions than in congruent conditions only for low-power individuals, while, happy faces elicited larger P1 amplitudes in congruent conditions than in incongruent conditions only for high-power individuals. The findings suggested that during the initial stage of stimuli processing low-power individuals are more sensitive to negative stimuli than high-power individuals. Conclusion These findings provided electrophysiological evidence that the differences in the emotional conflict process between high- and low-power individuals mainly lies in the early processing stages of emotional information. Furthermore, evidence from P1 and N170 showed that there was also a redistribution of attentional resources in low-power individuals.

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Altered electroencephalography functional connectivity in depression during the emotional face-word Stroop task

Journal of Neural Engineering ◽

10.1088/1741-2552/aacdbb ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 15 (5) ◽

pp. 056014 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Zhenghao Guo ◽

Xia Wu ◽

Jianhong Liu ◽

Li Yao ◽

Bin Hu

Keyword(s):

Functional Connectivity ◽

Stroop Task ◽

Emotional Face

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Implicit stereotyping and prejudice and the primed Stroop task

Swiss Journal of Psychology ◽

10.1024//1421-0185.58.4.241 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 58 (4) ◽

pp. 241-250 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Kerry Kawakami ◽

Kenneth L. Dion ◽

John F. Dovidio

Keyword(s):

Stroop Task ◽

Color Naming ◽

Stereotype Activation ◽

Racial Categories ◽

Black And White ◽

Automatic Activation ◽

Black Stereotypes ◽

Implicit Prejudice ◽

Implicit Stereotyping ◽

Naming Latencies

In the present study, automatic stereotype activation related to racial categories was examined utilizing a primed Stroop task. The speed of participants' ink-color naming of stereotypic and nonstereotypic target words following Black and White category primes were compared: slower naming times are presumed to reflect interference from automatic activation. The results provide support for automatic activation of implicit prejudice and stereotypes. With respect to prejudice, naming latencies tended to be slower for positive words following White than Black primes and slower for negative words following Black than White primes. With regard to stereotypes, participants demonstrated slower naming latencies for Black stereotypes, primarily those that were negatively valenced, following Black than White category primes. These findings provide further evidence of the automatic activation of stereotypes and prejudice that occurs without intention.

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Semantic Conflict Processing in the Color-Word Stroop and the Emotional Stroop

Journal of Psychophysiology ◽

10.1027/0269-8803/a000100 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 27 (4) ◽

pp. 149-164 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Montserrat Zurrón ◽

Marta Ramos-Goicoa ◽

Fernando Díaz

Keyword(s):

Stroop Task ◽

Color Word ◽

Event Related Potentials ◽

Semantic Content ◽

Emotional Stroop ◽

Semantic Equivalence ◽

Incongruent Color ◽

Semantic Conflict ◽

Related Potentials ◽

Temporal Locus

With the aim of establishing the temporal locus of the semantic conflict in color-word Stroop and emotional Stroop phenomena, we analyzed the Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) elicited by nonwords, incongruent and congruent color words, colored words with positive and negative emotional valence, and colored words with neutral valence. The incongruent, positive, negative, and neutral stimuli produced interference in the behavioral response to the color of the stimuli. The P150/N170 amplitude was sensitive to the semantic equivalence of both dimensions of the congruent color words. The P3b amplitude was smaller in response to incongruent color words and to positive, negative, and neutral colored words than in response to the congruent color words and colored nonwords. There were no differences in the ERPs induced in response to colored words with positive, negative, and neutral valence. Therefore, the P3b amplitude was sensitive to interference from the semantic content of the incongruent, positive, negative, and neutral words in the color-response task, independently of the emotional content of the colored words. In addition, the P3b amplitude was smaller in response to colored words with positive, negative, and neutral valence than in response to the incongruent color words. Overall, these data indicate that the temporal locus of the semantic conflict generated by the incongruent color words (in the color-word Stroop task) and by colored words with positive, negative, and neutral valence (in the emotional Stroop task) appears to occur in the range 300–450 ms post-stimulus.

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