Estimation of population-level effect of the endocrine disruptor pyriproxyfen in Daphnia magna by using changes in sex ratio and reproductive output

2018 ◽  
Vol 156 ◽  
pp. 463-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshinari Tanaka ◽  
Kensei Nakamura ◽  
Shigeto Oda ◽  
Haruna Watanabe ◽  
Norihisa Tatarazako
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Didone Frigerio ◽  
Petra Sumasgutner ◽  
Kurt Kotrschal ◽  
Sonia Kleindorfer ◽  
Josef Hemetsberger

AbstractLocal weather conditions may be used as environmental cues by animals to optimize their breeding behaviour, and could be affected by climate change. We measured associations between climate, breeding phenology, and reproductive output in greylag geese (Anser anser) across 29 years (1990–2018). The birds are individually marked, which allows accurate long-term monitoring of life-history parameters for all pairs within the flock. We had three aims: (1) identify climate patterns at a local scale in Upper Austria, (2) measure the association between climate and greylag goose breeding phenology, and (3) measure the relationship between climate and both clutch size and fledging success. Ambient temperature increased 2 °C across the 29-years study period, and higher winter temperature was associated with earlier onset of egg-laying. Using the hatch-fledge ratio, average annual temperature was the strongest predictor for the proportion of fledged goslings per season. There is evidence for an optimum time window for egg-laying (the earliest and latest eggs laid had the lowest fledging success). These findings broaden our understanding of environmental effects and population-level shifts which could be associated with increased ambient temperature and can thus inform future research about the ecological consequences of climate changes and reproductive output in avian systems.


2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 412-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Rita R. Silva ◽  
Cátia S.A. Santos ◽  
Nuno G.C. Ferreira ◽  
Rui Morgado ◽  
Diogo N. Cardoso ◽  
...  

Behaviour ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Myriam E. Mermoz ◽  
Cecilia Villarruel ◽  
Alicia de la Colina ◽  
Bettina Mahler

Abstract In many cooperatively breeding species, helpers increase the breeding success of their parents. The repayment hypothesis predicts a skewed sex-ratio towards the helping sex at population level; at individual level bias would increase in broods attended by a smaller number of helpers. We studied a brown-and-yellow marshbird (Pseudoleistes virescens) population during 11 breeding seasons. We found that 90% of helpers were males and that they increased nestling survival, although this effect disappeared in presence of parasitic shiny cowbirds. Helpers sometimes helped at nests of adults other than their parents. Population sex-ratio of fledglings was highly skewed towards males (1.4:1). At individual level, male-biased sex-ratio of fledglings was more pronounced early in the season and increased with brood losses but was not affected by number of helpers. Marshbirds feed at communal areas so retaining helpers would not be costly. Therefore, a general skew towards males might be the best adaptive strategy.


The Condor ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 104 (3) ◽  
pp. 598-609 ◽  
Author(s):  
David F. Westneat ◽  
Ian R. K. Stewart ◽  
Emily Halpin Woeste ◽  
Johnny Gipson ◽  
Latifat Abdulkadir ◽  
...  

Abstract PCR amplification of a sex-linked gene was used to assay the sex ratio of nestling House Sparrows (Passer domesticus) from five consecutive breeding seasons. We tested several predictions from sex ratio theory, including that at the population level, sparrows should produce a 1:1 sex ratio. Of 1162 nestlings, 53% were male, which is not significantly different from 50%. We did find a significant skew toward males in two of the five years, and significant heterogeneity in sex ratio among seasons. There was no evidence that brood sex ratios were skewed from a binomial distribution, despite a modest excess of all male broods. We found that male nestlings weighed significantly more (0.5 g) than their female siblings. We tested the possibility that females produce males when conditions are good. Sex ratio was not associated with nest attempt, despite some evidence that conditions varied seasonally. Clutch size was negatively associated with date of first egg, but neither nestling weight nor sex ratio showed any correlation with date. We also tested an array of female characteristics; sex ratio was not associated with female body size, condition, or age. Females that hatched a larger proportion of eggs produced more males, a consistent pattern in all five seasons. However, the female's mate's characteristics (size, condition, age, or size of throat patch) did not influence sex ratio. These data contribute to a growing number of studies that provide an inconsistent picture of sex ratio variation in birds. Patrones de Variación en la Proporción de Sexos de Passer domesticus Resumen. Un gen ligado al sexo, amplificado por PCR, fue usado para examinar la proporción de sexos de pichones de Passer domesticus provenientes de cinco temporadas de apareamiento consecutivas. Se probaron varias predicciones de la teoría de proporción de sexos, incluyendo que a nivel poblacional, los gorriones deberían producir una proporción de sexos 1:1. De 1162 pichones, 53% fueron machos, lo cual no difiere significativamente de 50%. Se encontró un sesgo significativo hacia machos en dos de los cinco años y una heterogeneidad significativa en la proporción de sexos entre estaciones. No hubo evidencia de que la proporción de sexos de la camada se desviara de una distribución binomial, a pesar de un moderado exceso de crías macho. Se encontró que los pichones machos pesaron significativamente más (0.5 g) que sus hermanas. Se examinó la posibilidad de que las hembras producen machos cuando las condiciones son benignas. La proporción de sexos no estuvo asociado con el momento de anidación dentro de la temporada, a pesar de que algunas evidencias sugieren que las condiciones variaron estacionalmente. El tamaño de la camada estuvo negativamente asociado con la fecha de puesta del primer huevo, pero ni el peso del pichón ni la proporción de sexos mostró correlación con dicha fecha. Se examinaron además un serie de características de la hembra; la proporción de sexos no estuvo asociada con el tamaño del cuerpo, la condición o la edad de la hembra. Las hembras que empollaron una mayor cantidad de huevos produjeron más machos, un patrón consistente en las cinco temporadas. Las características de las parejas de las hembras (tamaño, condición o tamaño de la mancha del cuello) no influyeron la proporción de sexos. Estos datos contribuyen al creciente número de estudios que presentan una descripción contradictoria de la variación de la proporción de sexos en aves.


2016 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 926-928 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul McElhany

The ocean acidification (OA) literature is replete with laboratory studies that report species sensitivity to seawater carbonate chemistry in experimental treatments as an “effect of OA”. I argue that this is unintentionally misleading, since these studies do not actually demonstrate an effect of OA but rather show sensitivity to CO2. Documenting an effect of OA involves showing a change in a species (e.g. population abundance or distribution) as a consequence of anthropogenic changes in marine carbonate chemistry. To date, there have been no unambiguous demonstrations of a population level effect of anthropogenic OA, as that term is defined by the IPCC.


Vaccine ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 940-946 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esther E. Freeman ◽  
Richard G. White ◽  
Roel Bakker ◽  
Kate K. Orroth ◽  
Helen A. Weiss ◽  
...  

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