In total, 55,862 specimens of seven species of the genus <I>Cephalcia (C. abietis, C. arvensis, C. alashanica, C. alpina, C. annulicornis, C. erythrogaster, C. masuttii</I>) were collected using Malaise traps in spruce mountain forests from 2001 to 2006. Sex ratio was male biased as a result of used methods; males are more active and quicker. The flight activity started in the studied localities at the beginning of May or the beginning of June depending on the actual weather. <I>C. alpina</I> flew first, followed by <I>C. erythrogaster</I> and <I>C. arvensis</I>, the last flying species were <I>C. alashanica</I> and <I>C. abietis. C. abietis</I> was the most abundant in all localities within all years (total dominance of 93%). <I>C. arvensis, C. alashanic</I> and C. alpina</I> were collected in more than hundred of specimens while <I>C. annulicornis, C. erythrogaster</I> and <I>C. masuttii</I> were collected only occasionally. Environmental variables were tested with the RDA model which proved several of them (years of 2001–2003, 2006, Český les and Slavkovský les) as significant. This is probably a result of following facts: (<I>i</I>) web-spinning sawflies occur throughout the whole range of spruce in Central Europe (therefore only two mountain regions were significant, but no species is positively correlated with them); (<I>ii</I>) <I>C. abie- tis</I> expanded in the Krkonoše Mts. in 2003 and 2006; (<I>iii</I>) <I>C. alashanica, C. alpina, C. annulicornis, C. erythrogaster</I> were more abundant in 2002; (<I>i</I>v) abundances of all species were very low in 2000. The factor of management was not significant, although samples from cultural forests prevailed and <I>C. abietis</I> was the most abundant in the cultural forests. <I>Cephalcia</I> species occur in a wide range of altitudes without any clear preference therefore this variable was not significant neither.
Adaptation to the Impacts of Climate Extremes in Central Europe: A Case Study in a Rural Area in the Czech Republic
