Human impacts in an urban port: The carbonate budget, Otago Harbour, New Zealand

2010 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abigail M. Smith ◽  
Anna C.L. Wood ◽  
Michelle F.A. Liddy ◽  
Amy E. Shears ◽  
Ceridwen I. Fraser
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Human Impacts ◽  
Carbonate Budget

scholarly journals Complete genomes of two extinct New Zealand passerines show responses to climate fluctuations but no evidence for genomic erosion prior to extinction

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (9) ◽  
pp. 20190491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Dussex ◽  
Johanna von Seth ◽  
Michael Knapp ◽  
Olga Kardailsky ◽  
Bruce C. Robertson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Human Impacts ◽  
Oceanic Islands ◽  
Genomic Diversity ◽  
Climate Fluctuations ◽  
Forest Clearing ◽  
Mammalian Predators ◽  
Demographic Trajectories ◽  
Human Climate

Human intervention, pre-human climate change (or a combination of both), as well as genetic effects, contribute to species extinctions. While many species from oceanic islands have gone extinct due to direct human impacts, the effects of pre-human climate change and human settlement on the genomic diversity of insular species and the role that loss of genomic diversity played in their extinctions remains largely unexplored. To address this question, we sequenced whole genomes of two extinct New Zealand passerines, the huia ( Heteralocha acutirostris ) and South Island kōkako ( Callaeas cinereus ). Both species showed similar demographic trajectories throughout the Pleistocene. However, the South Island kōkako continued to decline after the last glaciation, while the huia experienced some recovery. Moreover, there was no indication of inbreeding resulting from recent mating among closely related individuals in either species. This latter result indicates that population fragmentation associated with forest clearing by Maōri may not have been strong enough to lead to an increase in inbreeding and exposure to genomic erosion. While genomic erosion may not have directly contributed to their extinctions, further habitat fragmentation and the introduction of mammalian predators by Europeans may have been an important driver of extinction in huia and South Island kōkako.

Human impacts recorded in chemical and isotopic fingerprints of soils from Dunedin City, New Zealand

2019 ◽  
Vol 673 ◽  
pp. 455-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rose Turnbull ◽  
Karyne Rogers ◽  
Adam Martin ◽  
Mark Rattenbury ◽  
Richard Morgan
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Human Impacts

Bryozoans as southern sentinels of ocean acidification: a major role for a minor phylum

2009 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abigail M. Smith
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Sediment Accumulation ◽  
Carbonate Sediments ◽  
Accumulation Rates ◽  
Global Challenge ◽  
Carbonate Budget ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Insight Into

Rapid anthropogenic production of CO2 has driven the carbonate chemistry of the sea, causing lowered pH in surface waters. Increasingly, scientists are called on to study ocean acidification and its effects. The ‘minor’ phylum Bryozoa shows considerable potential in understanding temperate southern hemisphere shelf carbonate dynamics, thus complementing tropical studies based mainly on corals. Lowered pH affects skeletons differently depending on their composition, but skeletons are even more strongly affected by morphology. Different bryozoans will manifest the effects of acidification at different times, thus some particularly vulnerable species may act as ‘canaries’ providing an early warning for some shelf communities, such as bryozoan-dominated thickets. A carbonate budget based on several studies of the bryozoan Adeonellopsis in Doubtful Sound, New Zealand, shows that increasing dissolution pressure in cool temperate environments dramatically reduces sediment accumulation rates. Bryozoan shelf carbonate sediments, which blanket the southern shelves of New Zealand and Australia, may serve as biological saturometers, monitoring the effects of acidification over shelf depths. Whether acting as canaries, models or sentinels, bryozoans have great potential to provide insight into the next global challenge: ocean acidification.

scholarly journals Ancient DNA and morphometric analysis reveal extinction and replacement of New Zealand's unique black swans

2017 ◽  
Vol 284 (1859) ◽  
pp. 20170876 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas J. Rawlence ◽  
Afroditi Kardamaki ◽  
Luke J. Easton ◽  
Alan J. D. Tennyson ◽  
R. Paul Scofield ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Ancient Dna ◽  
Human Impacts ◽  
Island Rule ◽  
Island Ecosystems ◽  
Black Swans ◽  
History Of ◽  
Anthropogenic Processes ◽  
Human Colonization

Prehistoric human impacts on megafaunal populations have dramatically reshaped ecosystems worldwide. However, the effects of human exploitation on smaller species, such as anatids (ducks, geese, and swans) are less clear. In this study we apply ancient DNA and osteological approaches to reassess the history of Australasia's iconic black swans ( Cygnus atratus ) including the palaeo-behaviour of prehistoric populations. Our study shows that at the time of human colonization, New Zealand housed a genetically, morphologically, and potentially ecologically distinct swan lineage ( C. sumnerensis , Poūwa), divergent from modern (Australian) C. atratus . Morphological analyses indicate C. sumnerensis exhibited classic signs of the ‘island rule’ effect, being larger, and likely flight-reduced compared to C. atratus . Our research reveals sudden extinction and replacement events within this anatid species complex, coinciding with recent human colonization of New Zealand. This research highlights the role of anthropogenic processes in rapidly reshaping island ecosystems and raises new questions for avian conservation, ecosystem re-wilding, and de-extinction.

Magellanic Cloud Eclipsing Binaries: Primary Distance Indicators

1999 ◽  
Vol 190 ◽  
pp. 563-566
Author(s):  
J. D. Pritchard ◽  
W. Tobin ◽  
J. V. Clausen ◽  
E. F. Guinan ◽  
E. L. Fitzpatrick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Magellanic Cloud ◽  
Eclipsing Binaries ◽  
Fundamental Parameters ◽  
Distance Indicators

Our collaboration involves groups in Denmark, the U.S.A. Spain and of course New Zealand. Combining ground-based and satellite (IUEandHST) observations we aim to determine accurate and precise stellar fundamental parameters for the components of Magellanic Cloud Eclipsing Binaries as well as the distances to these systems and hence the parent galaxies themselves. This poster presents our latest progress.

Heat-Etching with a Bullivant Type II Simple Freeze-Cleave Device

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 106-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald S. Weinstein ◽  
N. Scott McNutt
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
General Hospital ◽  
Massachusetts General Hospital ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Collaborative Effort ◽  
Temperature And Pressure ◽  
The University

The Type I simple cold block device was described by Bullivant and Ames in 1966 and represented the product of the first successful effort to simplify the equipment required to do sophisticated freeze-cleave techniques. Bullivant, Weinstein and Someda described the Type II device which is a modification of the Type I device and was developed as a collaborative effort at the Massachusetts General Hospital and the University of Auckland, New Zealand. The modifications reduced specimen contamination and provided controlled specimen warming for heat-etching of fracture faces. We have now tested the Mass. General Hospital version of the Type II device (called the “Type II-MGH device”) on a wide variety of biological specimens and have established temperature and pressure curves for routine heat-etching with the device.

A Cytochemical Study of Glucose-6-Phosphatase (G-6-PASE) in Cells Participating in Atherogenesis of Rabbit Aorta

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 460-461
Author(s):  
Sidney D. Kobernick ◽  
Edna A. Elfont ◽  
Neddra L. Brooks
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Aortic Wall ◽  
Rabbit Aorta ◽  
Plaque Formation ◽  
Metabolic Changes ◽  
Atherosclerotic Plaques ◽  
Cytochemical Study ◽  
Cellular Alteration ◽  
New Zealand White Rabbits

This cytochemical study was designed to investigate early metabolic changes in the aortic wall that might lead to or accompany development of atherosclerotic plaques in rabbits. The hypothesis that the primary cellular alteration leading to plaque formation might be due to changes in either carbohydrate or lipid metabolism led to histochemical studies that showed elevation of G-6-Pase in atherosclerotic plaques of rabbit aorta. This observation initiated the present investigation to determine how early in plaque formation and in which cells this change could be observed.Male New Zealand white rabbits of approximately 2000 kg consumed normal diets or diets containing 0.25 or 1.0 gm of cholesterol per day for 10, 50 and 90 days. Aortas were injected jin situ with glutaraldehyde fixative and dissected out. The plaques were identified, isolated, minced and fixed for not more than 10 minutes. Incubation and postfixation proceeded as described by Leskes and co-workers.

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