Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide and the second most common cancer overall. Autocrine growth hormone (GH) expression induced cell proliferation, growth, invasion-metastasis in vitro and in vivo breast cancer models. Moreover, forced GH signaling acts as a drug resistance profile in breast cancer cell lines against chemotherapeutic drugs such as tamoxifen, mitomycin C, doxorubicin and curcumin. Triptolide, an active plant extract from Tripterygium wilfordii, has been shown to induce apoptotic cell death in various cancer cells such a prostate, colon, breast cancer. Metformin, a common therapeutic agent for type II Diabetes mellitus, has been shown to induce autophagy, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and apoptotic cell death in cancer cells. Our aim is to demonstrate the potential effect of metformin on triptolide-mediated drug resistance in autocrine GH expressing MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells through Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Autocrine GH-mediated triptolide (20 nM) resistance overcame by metformin (2 mM) co-teatment in MDA-MB231 breast cancer cells through accelerating cell viability loss, growth inhibition compared to alone triptolide treatment. Combined treatment increased apoptotic cell death via CHOP activation, IRE1α upregulation. Consequently, we suggest that triptolide can be more effective with metformin combination in MDA-MB-231 GH+ drug resistant breast cancer cells.
Mitochondria-targeted platinum(II) complexes induce apoptosis-dependent autophagic cell death mediated by ER-stress in A549 cancer cells
